Yooperlites have been found in different areas throughout Michigan but are most prominent in the Upper Peninsula along Lake Superior. Vertebrate fossils are relatively rare in Michigan and can range from fragments of the plates of prehistoric armored fish preserved in Devonian rocks to nearly complete skeletons of mastodons and mammoths in the wet, sticky, marl (carbonate-rich mud) of the Pleistocene. Included below is a PDF you can download of places to find different fossils in Michigan. Always have two in case one goes out while you're looking. Theyre not currently open, but its a great experience to look forward to. Typically a sky, to grayish-blue coloration. Listed below are the locations where amethyst naturally occurs and is mined to be transformed into beautifully faceted gemstones. There are many copper mines that are associated with malachite deposits. Color will vary from computer monitor to monitor. Many agates form in areas of volcanic activity where waters, are rich in dissolved silica (SiO. Jeremy is a professional writer, but his real passion lies with stones. Each hexagon on a Petoskey stone was once a coral polyp and the dark center of each one was once the mouth, which used tentacles to feed the coral. Most sites will rent or sell equipment on the spot, but youll be paying a markup, Just get your own set, youll be a lot happier. You can also find chlorastrolite, agates, beach glass, gold, geodes, amethysts, pudding stones, topaz, beryl, tourmaline, quartz, shark teeth, and other fossils. Michigan, United States. Specimens found in old mine waste piles usually have a green patina coating; when polished the bright copper color emerges. Never go far without someone with you! The variety of stones is infinite. Many are located in Crawford, Douglas, and Iowa counties. These days he can be found in his workshop, setting the stones he dreamed of as a child. Green "amygdules" are chrysocolla: red, analcite. Many people are surprised to discover that Michigan is the home to precious metals. Septarian nodules can also found in Utah, New Zealand, England, Morocco, and Madagascar. Both the upper and lower peninsula have produced fine gold throughout the rivers and creeks. Slag glass is a by-product of the iron and steel smelting industries. Of all the land along that original Midcontinent Rift, the Lake Superior region is the only place where those veritable floodplains of basalt became exposed, making it the only place to find chlorastrolite. Common finds include: Pockets of amethyst that are lined with crystals. These are Septarian Nodules locally called Lightning Stones. Michigan has 1,853 identified mines listed in The Diggings. State Gemstones of the United States. The numerous copper mines situated throughout the state are a source of malachite found in Wisconsin. Here, massive colonies of rugose coral (hexagonaria percarinata) thrived in reefs. In the case of pudding stones, they are first formed from sand that is then metamorphosed into quartzite under heat and pressure. https://www.mlive.com/news/2020/07/meet-the-charlevoix-stone-a-petoskey-lookalike-thats-become-a-michigan-rock-hunting-treasure.html, https://greatlakeslocals.com/12-collectible-rocks-and-fossils/, https://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/find-native-copper-nuggets/http://wheretofindrocks.com/collecting-copper-in-michigan/. We find beach glasses all around the Great Lake shorelines, at any time on just about any beach. Skip to main content. For most of us, the main form of amethyst is in geodes and crystal points. These glow-in-the-dark deposits of sodalite can form various patterns, including sparsely spotted, geometric lines, and an all-over pattern reminiscent of a galaxy somewhere in space. Permission is granted to use any materials on these pages under the, If you want help identifying something really cool you found and you think it's a fossil, but you are not sure what kind of animal or plant it came from, contact the Paleontology Museum at. 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_agate#Geologic_history. Michgan has many fossils of sea sponges, horn corals, branching corals, and of course Petosky Stones which are fossil coral. Chlorastrolite is formed in vesicles (small holes in bubbly Botryoidal lava) in the upper strata of the lava flows. Sea lilies and blastoids are common finds in Michigan. Favosites consist of a series of calcitic tubes (corallites) packed together as closely as possible, thus the resemblance to a honeycomb. One of the most appealing reasons for naming the Lake Superior agate as the Minnesota state gemstone is its general availability. It's just up to you and a jewelry maker to decide what it's worth. Two very common types of shells found are those of sea snails and brachiopods. Along the many miles of beach, there are all kinds of glass from bottles, old glass containers, and miscellaneous glasses that have fallen into the fresh waters of the great lakes. Chlorastrolite is a variety of the mineral Pumpellyite. Slag glasses can be found in Frankfort, Cadillac, Elk Rapids, Fayette, Marquette anywhere smelting was done. Included below is a PDF you can download of places to find different fossils in Michigan. It just happens to have a touch of iron that changes the color mixed into the crystalline matrix. Over time the nodules of clay cracked and the cracks were filled in with a white to yellow Calcite. Face AWAY from the sun and look for sparkles. Most often youll be looking through mud and clay, or looking for mud and clay deposits in igneous stone. Appointed to the post in 1837, Houghton made several visits to the Upper Peninsula, reporting on the copper wealth existing there. Ensure that you follow the local laws on what can be taken from the beach or areas you're looking for, and always make sure you're on public land! https://umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/wp/mis-backyard-fossils/. . 3. There can also be white, grey, black, and tan strips of color as well. It is the fossils of these corals that make a Petoskey stone. The articles on this page were taken from the Mineral of the Month section, local newspapers, online stories and curated here for the collecting community and beachgoers everywhere. Wear sturdy walking shoes for climbing down embankments when searching for beach glass along the shoreline near roads. They were formed as a ball of clay on the ocean floor around 55 million years ago. Erie . When the solution is highly concentrated with dissolved silica, a silica gel can form on the walls of these cavities. Be mindful of other fossil hunters and the Michigan beach environment. Charlevoix stone coral belongs to the now-extinct genus Favosites, which existed on the planet for nearly 200 million years, some 450-250 million years ago. When you think of mining for the "big four" gemstones diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald it's easy to imagine places like India, South Africa, and Colombia. They consist of clay cemented onto an iron mineral called siderite. ), A Guide to Yooperlite Rocks (What They Are and Where to Find Them), Barite: Ultimate Guide To Collecting Barite (What It Is and Where To Find It), Magnetite: Ultimate Guide to Magnetite (What It Is and Where to Find It), A Turquoise Standoff: The Story of a Woman Standing Her Ground in Nevadas Mining World. Wear layers and stay warm to make your Yooperlite experience more enjoyable. Formally, pudding stones are a type of sedimentary rock known as a conglomerate. 21. There are also many abandoned mines in the area that can provide good digging in the dumps but be sure to acquire permission from landowners before visiting any location on private land. The area spanning all the way from the northern tip of the peninsula down to White Pine are productive. If youre into very large geodes, amethyst is a good stone to look into, since natural formations get huge. Amethyst is also found in the Morefield Gem Mine, which offers the unique opportunity to dig in microcline/amazonite. Rare colors include pink, aqua, cobalt blue, cornflower blue, yellow, orange, black, purple, and the rarest of all, red. Vertebrate fossils are relatively rare in Michigan and can range from fragments of the plates of prehistoric armored fish preserved in Devonian rocks to nearly complete skeletons of mastodons and mammoths in the wet, sticky, marl (carbonate-rich mud) of the Pleistocene. Beach glass and slag glasses are sought after by collectors and are commonly used to make jewelry. Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_agate#Geologic_history, MMS Club members, Rock Tumbler.com, https://www.geologyin.com/2017/06/where-and-how-to-find-lake-superior.html, https://showmerockhounds.com/2014/10/14/lake-superior-agates/, Charlevoix Stones, Favosites & Fossilized CorAls. Tides are lower around full moons so plan your hunt accordingly. https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/michigan/state-gem-gemstone/isle-royale-greenstone. BRECCIA Fragments of basalt cemented by milky quartz with traces of red jasper. Although silver was produced in relatively large amounts, it commonly was not recorded under company production records, as both miners and managers regarded it as their personal and private property whenever it came within their reach. One of the most common ways to utilize Leland Blue Stone to your benefit is to make jewelry . The fulgurites are very brittle and will break from the vibrations when digging or just the pressure from the sand itself. Amethyst is worked as a gemstone for jewelry as well. 25. The rare. THOMSONITE Exquisite shades of pink and green with a radiant fibrous structure. They may also be obtained from the Publications Room. Petoskey stones are unique rocks that sport a tightly-packed hexagonal pattern all over their surface. It's fascinating history dates back to the 1800s, when it was home to a thriving copper mining industry. Of course, be very careful going out after dark; always go with a friend and dress prepared for Michigan weather. The term half-breed has been used to describe an intergrowth of native silver and native copper. Other deposits of malachite have also been found at mines in Forest, Grant, Green Lake, Polk, and Rusk counties. Amethyst is macrocrystalline quartz with iron inclusions that cooled below 420 C(788F) with a purple coloration. Sources: https://umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/wp/mis-backyard-fossils/, http://www.fossilspot.com/STATES/MI.HTM. Reportedly the lawmakers had some smart remarks to make before they were finished. The specimens reproduced here are relative to their true size. These stones are not limited to their namesake locations, however, and appear in many places along the northern Lake Michigan shore and across the Lower Peninsula. Much cooler surrounding air and sand cools it and it turns into a glass-like substance called fulgurite! Amethyst is found across the world, with the most famous deposits occurring in Brazil. Sanford House, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Click to Download the Michigan Fossil Database, Fossil Hunting Map of Michigan with the Ages of the Sediments. Allow others to enjoy the beauty of Michigan's beaches and the joy of finding their own treasure in the Petoskey stone. Congratulations! Do rely on a UV light as your only light source; a good flashlight is still needed. 1. Even though they are primitive animals, you might mistake their fossils for plant fossils. These types of fossils are called Blastoids and Crinoids. However, some agates do not have obvious bands. The first thing you need to do is make sure you have appropriate gear for digging. Gold can be found throughout the state, but you are not likely to find any substantial concentrations like you would in some of the more well-known gold-bearing states. Slag glasses can be found in Frankfort, Cadillac, Elk Rapids, Fayette, Marquette anywhere smelting was done. Agate is translucent to a semi-transparent form of chalcedony (quartz). Photography is by John R. Byerlay and Robert W. Kelley of the Geological Survey Division, Illustration is by Jim Campbell, and the specimens. Keep in mind that there's no collecting allowed in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, as it's a national park. Note copper amygdules in pebble nearest upper left corner. The state laws say you cannot collect more than 25 pounds of stones, minerals, or fossils per year from Michigan beaches. Fort Wilkins State Park, Copper Harbor. Make sure that youre not putting yourself at risk, especially if you have any health conditions. Bag: You need something to keep your Yooperlites in! Adding to its scarcity, chlorastrolite is also tricky to find because of its size. Gold has been discovered in 27 of 68 counties in the Lower Peninsula and 6 of 15 counties in the Upper Pennisula. 17. Mudpuppies are Michigan's largest, fully aquatic salamander. The Rockport recreation area north of Alpena has an abandoned limestone quarry where many fossils, including Brachiopods, can be found. The beaches of Charlevoix are also popular, but you're still more likely to find a Petoskey stone since Charlevoix stones are the rarer of the two. Pudding Stone from Drummond Island by Paul Donelson, Tumbled and polished Pudding Stones from Geology.com, Close up of a natural Michigan Pudding Stone. ur Great Lakes Shorelines are Treasure-laden with a host of truly fascinating gem materials, not only hard-to-find agates but also easy-to-find chert, jasper, granite, quartz, and basalt. One note about beachcombing along Michigan's Great Lakes: If private property signs are posted, you should obtain the property owner's consent. PREHNITE a member of the zeolite mineral group, which also includes thomsonite, chlorastrolite, and analcite, common to the Copper Country. Amethyst is recovered from veins in granite and other rocks around Thunder Bay, Ontario, and to a lesser extent from Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula. Easily find all of our articles by individual states! UP, Michigan. Instead, simply moving down the beach away from areas near parking lots and beach access points can benefit your search since these areas are less likely to have been picked over by other beach-goers. https://www.michiganrockhounds.com/articles/fluorescent-slag, https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2022/06/22/who-knew-beaches-in-the-dark-could-be-so-fun-fluorescent-rocks-found-on-michigans-shores/, University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology. They can be found at Deer Lick Creek Park in South Haven, Pier Cove Park Beach near Fennville and in Van Buren Park as well as Western Lake Michigan. Each hexagon on a Petoskey stone was once a coral polyp and the dark center of each one was once the mouth, which used tentacles to feed the coral. Divisions are purely arbitrary based upon subtle differences in chemistry and texture. However, this doesn't necessarily mean you need to discover some new secret spot. 2. Most people classify their amethyst by the crystal structure. 9. Other gold discoveries have been made across the state, but most have been very low grade, and gold production has been a byproduct of other mineral extraction efforts like zinc or copper. Some people have reported them in gravel pits in Minnesota, in Lake Michigan near Chicago, and even near Point Betsie. The different impurities and the number of air bubbles lead to the color and opaqueness of the slag. Pudding stones first got their name from their similarity to European settlers favorite fruit pudding dishes. Ensure that you follow the local laws on what can be taken from the beach or areas you're looking for, and always make sure you're on public land! The top place known for copper nuggets, and where metal detecting can be conducted is the Keweenaw Peninsula in the northern region of Michigan State. Clear?? We recommend searching for Yooperlite in the early springtime (from late March into April). And it's not just slag glass that's lighting up; sometimes calcite and fossilized corals will fluoresce as well. Another legislator wanted to know if Chlorastrolite was any relation to the stuff that clogs arteries. They're made up of mostly syenite rock, which is similar to granite, which means the rock looks like any other dark stones or typical gray rock, but there's a twist. Rarely occurs on beaches, but the two yellow pebbles were picked up on a Keweenaw beach fifty paces apart and their mates! It makes for a good visual display and clusters are worth more that way. It can be light or dark green, but the pattern is much showier in lighter shades. After the impurities cool, the result is slag. In addition to the Ropes Gold Mine, reports of gold deposits occur throughout several creeks and streams in the area. and by location. A wide variety of rocks and minerals can be found including Petoskey Stones, Chlorastrolite, Agate, Chalcedony, and copper minerals. Colors are the result of other mineral impurities: iron oxide imparts the red color; green pebbles (basalts) are colored by epidote; glassy white to grey stones with frosted surfaces are usually vein quartz, a crystalline variety of silica. If you want to find out exactly where to go and find amethyst in the U.S., keep reading! You're the judge. Begin your search near the lower low-tide lines or rocky areas, but search the entire shoreline if time allows. Sources: https://travelinspiredliving.com/tips-to-find-beach-glass/https://mynorth.com/2019/07/michigan-rock-hunting-is-the-best-on-earth/https://mynorth.com/2018/04/frankfort-green-stones/, Michigan "Lightning Stones" or Septarian Noduals. RAW BEACH STONES a collection of various hard unpolished pebbles, typical of Lake Superior shores, but also found elsewhere to a lesser extent. These slags were often just dumped into the lakes (before there were any environmental laws). Pick axes and sledge hammers are a good idea if youre going to be breaking a lot of stone. Both are common in the rock trade, and amethyst geodes range from golf ball-sized to bigger than a person! LAKE SUPERIOR AGATES A string of tumbled round agates of the size most commonly found. When lightning strikes sand, the heat fuses it into long, slender glass tubes called fulgurites. Meanwhile, the genus of coral that included the Petoskey stone, Hexagonaria, was around for less time -- about 57 million years. Coal deposits are also found in Michigan. Allow a minimum of an hour to search for sea glass. These animals are related to sea stars and sea urchins but their five-ish-ness may come in stranger shapes and sizes. Appalachian Gem and Gold Mine 3. It does look very much like a turtle shell! These round rocks are hollow on the inside and lined with compact crystals such as amethyst or agate. Sometimes, identity is difficult to establish, even in the laboratory! Click here to access the MGS interactive geologic map of Michigan. Gold can be found throughout the state, but you are not likely to find any substantial concentrations like you would in some of the more well-known gold-bearing states. FINE-GRAINED GRANITE contains small interlocked grains of clear quartz and flesh-colored feldspar. Solid natural masses of copper weighing hundreds of pounds were found with relative frequency at the mines. That gel will slowly crystallize to form microcrystalline quartz. If you're really, really lucky, these might fill in with Copper, Prehnite, or Thomsonite, making them an extraordinary find. This pattern is the fossilized pattern of the prehistoric rugose corals. This ammo pouch doubles as the ideal rock collection bag. When the smelting industry ended in Leland, heaps of slag were dumped in Lake Michigan. You have just found a pudding stone! Rich blues, reds, purples, and steaked fluorescent colors pop from the dull stones revealing surprising colors that no one knew were there until recently. Yooperlites are rich with fluorescent sodalite, which glows a vibrant orange or yellow under Ultraviolet Light. What it is: Purple quartz, better known as amethyst, gains its attractive color from trace amounts of iron in its crystal structure. Amethyst is recovered from veins in granite and other rocks around Thunder Bay, Ontario, and to a lesser extent from Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula. When lightning strikes the sandy soil, a chemical reaction takes place. Sources: https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/michigan/state-gem-gemstone/isle-royale-greenstone, https://www.snobappealjewelry.com/blog/chlorastrolite-aka-greenstone, https://www.mlive.com/entertainment/erry-2018/04/64a09f0d318324/isle_royale_greenstone.html. Finished sea glass should not have any sharp edges. The Upper Peninsula is where you can find the Petoskey stones, the state's official rock. As the name suggests, Petoskey is a popular destination for rock-hunters looking for the state stone. Polished stones are used for stickpins, rings, earrings, cuff links, pendants and are sometimes incorporated into inlays and mosaics. BRECCIA (Italian: stone fragments)- Angular pieces of basalt fragmented in a zone of violent rock breakage and re-cemented with other minerals, often quartz or calcite. of Conservation, Lansing 26, Michigan. The insides are often smooth and glassy. Many places along Lake Superior don't have cell phone service. Amethyst, with a dreamy purple color, is one of the most sought after semi-precious gemstones. This is a broad category, and it is much more common to find bones and teeth from modern animals than to find fossil bones, but every year people find Mastodon bone fragments and all kinds of interesting things. JASPILITE Interbanded red jasper and grey hematite. Use a small plastic rake or kitty litter scoop to sift through the sand. So, if youre a new rockhound and looking to start collecting amethyst read on. The largest copper nuggets ever found have come from this region. They can be cut, polished and carved into jewelry too. By 1977 the recorded silver production for Marquette was 16,469,544 troy ounces, but the actual total may have been twice as much. Fortunately, there are a lot of hot spots for this purple crystal spread across the USA. TUMBLED BEACH STONES Same as in group No. If you have a piece that is semi-transparent you will be able to hold a very thin piece up and see distorted or foggy images through it. If the dissolved mineral composition of the silica-rich water changes over time, impurities (elements other than silicon and oxygen) can be incorporated into the gel and into the microcrystalline quartz. Another 20C and the formation could have been citrine, and if the crystals form between 420C and 440C then the final form is prasiolite. Permission is not requiredif you wade in the water, just off the beach. Self-guided Tours from $10.51 per adult The area 35 miles east of Thunder Bay, Highway 11/17 Highway 11/17 Town of Pearl Road #5 North open 9-5, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7A 0S9 Canada Full view Best nearby Restaurants 156 within 3 miles 5 Forks Restaurant 272 0.8 mi$$ - $$$ Bar Contemporary Pub Tim Hortons 22 When you liberate amethyst from host rock, its often a good idea to retain the matrix. NATIVE SILVER Lake Superior copper is noted for its silver content that imparts "superior" qualities for many uses. Many other interesting minerals like datolite, analcime, prehnite, agate, and thomsonite are also abundant in the Keweenaw Peninsula. Slag glasses are often found early in the morning or after a storm in specific locations where the metal and smelting industries used to exist. 4 5. The cleaner blue and the larger it is, the better price it can fetch. Of course, you probably don't have access to a commercial mining operation that will let you dig either. 1 Michigan has 783 prospect mines. Its a great stone for collectors as well, due to natural variations in the stone. Ore values were generally low, but new extraction methods allowed the mine to remain active (off and on) for over a century. On occasion, youll stumble across stones described as green amethyst. This a misnomer, and its often used in a deceptive manner. 11. Unusual, too, because it contains the element boron. ), flow-through fractures, and cavities in igneous rocks. Its a common occurrence, although quality varies between different mines. The Northern side of Michigan is particularly interesting for amateur geologists. While researching mudpuppies and using information from National Geographic . A beautiful and bewildering material, the Red Amethyst of Thunder Bay, Ontario in Canada and in Keweenaw County, Michigan, area is an Amethyst like no other. Mission Point Lighthouse, Old Mission Peninsula, Story by Bella DeMascio of Michigan Beaches. These concretions form in part through bacterial activity. This is a state-wide law, but each beach or state park will have its own policies. Another lawmaker explained that If you think my wife is going to trade in her Diamond for a Greenstone, you have rocks in your head. The sea glass or beach glass, as it's now called, washes back onshore to be found by treasure hunters. While the two groups time on Earth overlapped, the coral species that gave us Charlevoix stones were much longer lived. Unlike plants and animals, classes of stone grade one into another. Additionally, you should know that Petoskey stones are not exclusive to the waterline, check the shore before the water and even in surrounding areas near uprooted trees or any other disrupted soil. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Amethyst chip stone bracelets 3 for $15.00 at the best online prices at eBay! Rocks that are not even noteworthy in daylight are revealing their secrets under this UV illumination to those who are willing to look. You're the judge. A Good Example of Some Common Beach Glass Finds. The color, amount of frost, and visible markings are all considered when determining the value of a piece of naturally tumbled glass. There are many types of corals or animals that look like corals like bryozoans (moss-animals) and stromatoporoids (sponges). Those lava flows, which could be thousands of feet thick in some places, eventually cooled into a rock we call basalt. Some chlorastrolite includes other minerals, which produce additional colors. Always The Best Prices. The two are sometimes confused, and it's easy to see why: Both are shades of soft gray or beige, freckled with honeycomb patterns, and are found in the same areas around Michigan, usually along shorelines in the northern parts of the state. If youre into collecting gemstones, you may be confused by amethyst pricing. Many agates form in areas of volcanic activity where waters, are rich in dissolved silica (SiO2), flow-through fractures, and cavities in igneous rocks. The mineral's history dates back roughly 1.1 billion years ago, to the age of the Midcontinent Rift: A time when North America began to split apart at the seams, causing lava to spill out of the Earth's crust along a fissure that ran from Kansas up to present-day Lake Superior and back down to where Detroit now is. Because Michigan Greenstones come from such a limited area of the world, few people have ever seen one. Respect private property and be aware of the regulations in your state for harvesting rocks or minerals. Here, massive colonies of rugose coral (hexagonaria percarinata) thrived in reefs. We are poking fun, but Michigan is such a great place to collect rocks, why not add some more help in finding interesting stuff on our shorelines and driveways that look like Petoskey Stones, but they're not! The best places to rockhound in Michigan are the Keweenaw Peninsula, Isle Royale, Manitou Island, Marquette County, and the shorelines of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. One note about beachcombing along Michigan's Great Lakes:If private property signs are posted, you should obtain the property owner's consent. It commonly has a polygonal mosaic pattern, sometimes referred to as an alligator pattern. Chlorastrolite is a bluish-green to dark green stone with a pattern of slender, star-like crystals, which results in a "turtleback" pattern. The ever-increasing production of iron from occurrences of this ore is a vital factor in Michigan's economy. But usually, after the sun sets, most rock hunters return home because it's pretty difficult to see the pretty colors that can stand out when it's after dark. Brachiopods and other fossils can be found along Lake Michigan around the Petoskey area. QUARTZ with green epidote and red jasper. A desirable Greenstone trait shows radiating lines exhibiting Chatoyancy like Tiger-eye. Its smaller in total size but is especially distinguished by its smaller honeycomb-like patterns. A solid Greenstone has a hardness of 5.5 to 6. But there is another type of glass that you can find on many beaches along the shorelines. 13. The beaches of Charlevoix are also popular, but you're still more likely to find a Petoskey stone since Charlevoix stones are the rarer of the two. On the Keweenaw Peninsula, gem minerals likewise are associated with the copper-bearing rocks. This is a broad category, and it is much more common to find bones and teeth from modern animals than to find fossil bones, but every year people find Mastodon bone fragments and all kinds of interesting things. Cabochons and slabs are often typed by the pattern. Native silver occurs in a variety of vein and lode deposits of hydrothermal origin. Gold was first discovered in Michigan by Douglass Houghton, the first state geologist. Over time the nodules of clay cracked and the cracks were filled in with a white to yellow Calcite.
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