& Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. Acta Hortic.993, 209213 (2013). and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). & Li, H. Nutrient composition analysis of jujube from different habitats. More than 95% of grafts take successfully if scion wood is coated with a thin layer of wax. spinosa. Generally, it is best to repot it from March to may in spring. The classification system for the Ziziphus genus was proposed based on field investigations, textual research on specimens and historical documents65. Sin.41, 21152124 (2014). Genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Chinese jujube and jujube SSR primer transferability. Liu, M. Chinese jujube: botany and horticulture. Juice obtained from the fruits is used in making small candies called jujubes. A set of new propagation approaches has been developed on the basis of traditional sucker division. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Shandong Fruits17, 13 (1985). Pruning is necessary if you want to keep your Jujube tree down to a manageable height. A: In some cases, the Jujube tree is considered invasive in Texas.It has a very strong, contorted root system and will try to get to water no matter what. Agrofor Syst 80:3340, Schroth G (1999) A review of belowground interactions in agroforestry, focussing on mechanisms and management options. Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). However, high-efficiency, low-cost practical management systems for fruit cracking and fruit shrinking disease have not been developed; these conditions have a great influence on jujube yield and quality. jujuba accessions using microsatellite markers. Plant Physiol. Cv. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:129140, Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. In addition, Hebei Agricultural University collected and preserved ~200 accessions of sour jujube germplasm and some other species of the Ziziphus genus, such as Z. mauritiana Lam., Z. spina-christi Willd, and Z. nummularia Burm. and its wild ancestor sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Huang, J. et al. Sin.49, 27722791 (2016). Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12. Google Scholar. PLoS Genet.12, e1006433 (2016). This may be due to the increase d water absorption ca pacity of the root system caused by severe . Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Competition for nitrogen and litter decomposition dynamics. In particular, the use of sour jujube seeds, rather than pits, to obtain rootstocks has become the mainstream method; using this method, the seedlings grow faster and more uniformly than in rootstocks obtained from pits2. Hebei17, 110 (1994). as rootstock can also play a role in the prevention of witches broom in jujube in southern China97. (8) International exchange and cooperation: enhancing global jujube research, production, and marketing; promoting more international research, including multicountry, multisite variety, and technology testing, within bilateral agreements and especially with the help of the Jujube Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Sciences. Its fruit is smooth and bright, like a large red pearl. In addition, triploids of Jinsixiaozao, Yuanlingzao, and Changhongzao have been created by endosperm culture, but no new cultivar has been released82. In recent years, equipment for jujube fruit sorting or integrated cleaning and sorting has been developed and widely applied in the jujube industry in China133,134,135. Agrofor Syst 37:91109, Young A (1997) Agroforestry for soil management. Yan, F. F. et al. For Ecol Manag 16:269279, Mead R, Willey RW (1980) The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields from intercropping. Both the seeds and fruit have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve sleep quality, support the nervous system, and encourage healthy digestion. This result was later confirmed by SSR and cpSSR analysis61,62. According to leaf fossils, jujube appeared in northern China 24 million years ago. Asian J. Chem.24, 813815 (2012). The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. Research results should be more original and advanced. J. Zhao, A. et al. Jujube Tree Roots. Jujube research in the future should more precisely respond to the needs of industry, markets, and government and could even actively create and lead these demands. & Liu, M. Analysis of triterpenoid acids in Chinese jujube. Plant Cell Tiss. Our study was conducted to apply root pruning to test whether it can effectively inhibit the vigorous vegetative growth by regulating the competitive ability of the root system for water and nutrients. N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. Acta Agric. Dongzao. Sin.42, 16831698 (2015). The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. cv. Eleven jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, written 2600 YA. f. To date, ~700 jujube cultivars and 100 sour jujube genotypes have been evaluated. Among them, the tetraploids Chenguang, Hongguang, Riguang, and Zhuguang, bred by Hebei Agricultural University, have been awarded new plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China. The fourth-generation technique is to induce polyploidy by treating in vivo calluses induced on branch cuts with colchicine, which could eliminate the severe mixoploidy formation from traditional polyploid breeding and directly produce pure polyploid shoots (Fig. & Zhou, B. Flora of China, Vol. Jujubes do best in warm, dry climates, but can tolerate winter lows down to -20 degrees F. (-29 C.). Tree Genet. It has been spread all over China, with a cultivation area of ~2 million hectares and an annual production of over 8 million tons. Acta Hortic. Liu, M. & Cheng, C. A taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Li, D., Niu, X. J. Liu, Q. J Shandong Agric Univ 31:9194, Liu JQ, Halik W, Wang GS, Kasim Y (2012) Study on temporal and spatial distribution rules of characteristic fruit industry resources in Xinjiang. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. China Fruits3, 4647 (1983). Sci. Univ.26, 221224 (1999). Stnic, F. Chinese date (jujube)a new promising fruit plant for Romania. The root system is the main organ of water uptake for the plant. Technol.226, 985989 (2008). Shanxi. Liu, M. & Cheng, J. Fore.32, 117121 (2004). (China Forestry Publishing House, 2013). Xue, M., Wang, Li., Zhang, J. BMC Genomics21, 191 (2020). A study on the classification of jujube and wild jujube by peroxidase isozyme. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). Xu, C. et al. The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits9,10 (Table 2). Plant Genet. Org.121, 423433 (2015). J. Chin. A total of 963 jujube germplasms were analyzed by SSRs to construct the core collection and germplasm resource management database21. Sin.43, 966974 (2016). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Zhang et al. Mech.34, 2630 (2013). The traditional production technology maturation period (Northern Wei Dynastythe founding of the Peoples Republic of China, or 500 CE1949 CE). Qu, Z. var. As to the original cultivation center of jujube, outside of China, Iran, and Japan had been regarded as candidates by some scholars outside China. Biotechnol.94, 123129 (2019). Acta Hortic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 6177, Atkinson D, Johnson MG, Mattam D, Mercer ER (1978) The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees. Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Jujube is highly tolerant of drought, infertility and salinity, and has low demands for water and fertilizers4 (Table 1). Excavation and SSR identification of polyploidy germplasm resources in jujube trees. Fu found that controlled freezing-point storage was better than normal cold storage in terms of delaying ripening and aging126. In the past 30 years, a total of ~200 new cultivars with large fruit, good fruit quality, high resistance to diseases, and varying uses and maturity times were released through polyploid breeding or selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasms2. Its flower bud differentiation and fruit set habit are also very distinct, with a short flower bud differentiation time (10 days), a 2-month flowering season, and a low fruit set of only ~1%. Eng.15, 237240 (1999). In l max = 22 cm, the integral constant a = 1.9 and instantaneous growth rate r = 0.14. Sci.21, 414418 (2004). In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Preparation of oligosaccharides by degradation of polysaccharides from Chinese jujube and its biological activity. Spectr. Tortuosa), f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitag. PubMed Central and cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Ploidy segregation and pure tetraploid acquirement from mixoploid (2x + 4x) Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. Bi, J., Yu, J., Bai, S., Wang, P. & Ding, Y. The rate of obtaining hybrids in jujube is usually <0.01% by the traditional crossing approach. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. By the Han Dynasty (~2000 YA), jujube cultivation had spread throughout North and South China into large commercial cultivation regions and had become the main source of national taxes, with special officials regulating jujube production. J. Beijing. From 500 CE to 1949, the cultivation of jujube mostly followed traditional methods. tortuosa Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments3,4,11. The basic ideas for jujube research in the future are as follows: serve the producers, consumers, marketers, government, and society at the same time; learn from experiences with other fruit trees; align with modern global agricultural development, including the reduction of chemical pesticides and environmentally friendly approaches153; carry out innovative research in various fields, multiple levels, and through whole industrial chains; and strongly support the advancement of science and technology for the jujube industry in the new era. Jujube is becoming increasingly important in arid and semiarid marginal lands because of its outstanding endurance and adaptability to drought as well as barren and salty soil and deserves to be considered a superfruit for the future due to its distinct advantages. Most species belong to Sect. A new excellent early-ripening tetraploid table cultivar of Chinese jujubeHongguang. Agrofor Syst 11:243258, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1991) A tree-crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedge row intercropping. Liu, M. & Wang, J. Evol.303, 413417 (2017). Dongzao). BMC Genom.20, 464 (2019). Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. Multiomics-based analysis for the molecular formation mechanisms of some important traits. Univ. This work was supported by grants from the Significant Fund of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation (grant number C2017204114), the National Science and Technology Support Plan of China (2019YFD1001605), the National Ten Thousand Talents Plan Leadership Project, and the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000099). conceived of the paper and wrote the first draft. In addition, 2000 years ago, jujube was introduced into Japan and Korea, to Central Asia and Europe via the ancient Silk Road, and gradually into at least 47 countries (Table 3) on all continents except Antarctica (45N35S)1,2,3,5. Zhang, B., Chen, J. Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. ), (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Romania. The raw fruits are high in vitamin C. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. J. Tarim. Bu, J., Zhao, J. J. & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. by high-performance liquid chromatography. quinequeflora Hort. Bot.165, 92107 (2019). PubMedGoogle Scholar, Zhang, W., Ahanbieke, P., Wang, B.J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x. B Hortic.LXIII, 1724 (2019). Good quality, stonelessness, high nutrient levels, and varied ripening times can satisfy consumers, whose demands have become increasingly critical and diversified. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). Wang, L. et al. Genome sequencing is the golden key to unlocking the genetic code of life. Zhang, F., Wang, J., Li, F., Liu, Z. Evaluation on nutritious characteristics and germplasm screening of different Chinese jujube cultivars. In the two cases mentioned above, all the offspring from self-fruitless or self-sterile parents can be directly regarded as authentic hybrids. Sin.20, 305306 (1993). The traditional production region formation period (Zhou DynastyHan Dynasty, or 1000 BCE1 CE). Mingxin Guo, Zhongren Zhang, Xusheng Zhao, Vance M. Whitaker, Steven J. Knapp, Sujeet Verma, Amy F. Iezzoni, Jim McFerson, Cameron Peace, Maria Jos Aranzana, Vronique Decroocq, Pere Ars, Weijian Zhuang, Hua Chen, Rajeev K. Varshney, Ratan Chopra, Evan B. Johnson, M. David Marks, Horticulture Research Liu, M. & Wang, M. Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 2009). Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Liu, M., Liu, Z., Li, X. Shen, C., Jia, S., Zheng, X., Tang, Z. J. Hort. Technol.33, 396402 (2015). Because jujubes demand high light intensities for good output, they should be spaced 10 to 15 feet apart. Consequently, the costs of cultivation and management for jujube are significantly lower than those for other common fruit trees. The first is China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube, mentioned above. Hudinai, M., Liu, M., Veberic, R., Stamper, F. & Colaria, M. Phenolic compounds in the fruit of different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Jujube never needs flower-promoting treatments. Liang, C., Zhao, J. Roots in each plot were sampled vertically by auger to a depth of 100 cm at 20-cm intervals and horizontally . For . South Univ. Since the 1980s, various cultivation techniques focusing on high yield were developed for the leading cultivars and main production areas, which increased production by over 50%, increased the high-quality fruit rate by over 30%, and reduced pesticide use by over 50%102,103. Study on the Processing Technology of Red Jujube Fermented Wine. Marketers prefer fruits that can be easily transported from production areas and have long shelf lives and large markets. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). At present, it is one of the main cultivated fruit species, the foremost dried fruit in terms of production, and the main income source of ~20 million farmers in China2,3. J. Anhui Agric. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). Miao, L. The Analysis of Tripenoids of the Fruit of Chinese Jujube. However, jujubes and sour jujubes are very closely related, with cross-compatibility and transitional types between them. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Zhang, S. & Li, X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role for abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. This species, 7.6 to 9 metres (25 to 30 feet) high, has alternate, three-veined, elliptical to ovate leaves 2.5 to 7.6 cm (1 to 3 inches) long. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) PubMedGoogle Scholar. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. We offer the two sizes in the 'Air-Pot Garden' range that are best-suited for the young jujube trees we sell. Several key factors of influencing fresh-keeping effect on Lingwu Chang Date industry in Ningxia. Chen, Y. Since the 1950s, the biological characteristics of jujube have been studied comprehensively, and a complete theoretical system had been formed by the 1990s1,101. Dicianu, E. D., Ivan, E. ., Jerca, I. O., Ciceoi, R. & Stnic, F. Morphometric and phytopathological analysis of Romanian jujube fruits during the storage period. Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. carnosicalycis Wang), f. allochroa Cheng et Liu, f. heteroformis Cheng et Liu (Z. jujuba Mill. Hortic.249, 263270 (2019). J. Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. The genus Ziziphus was grouped into two sections based on geographical distribution, bearing shoot persistence, and leaf hairiness. Planting: Dig a hole big enough for the root system to fit in. More farmers in China now graft or bud onto seedling rootstocks. Wang, N. Study on Somatic Embryogenesis and Ploidy Germplasm Creation in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 2007). With the breakthroughs in cross-breeding technology, the acquisition of a progeny population and the establishment of genetic maps, genetic research into important traits was also carried out. The treatments comprised (1) sole cotton, (2) 5-year-old sole jujube trees, (3) 7-year-old sole jujube trees, (4) 9-year-old sole jujube . Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. Luo, Z. et al. - 148.251.123.50.
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