charles ross arts and crafts furniture

The Winterthur Library. The first major exhibition on one of the most creative and enigmatic figures of the American Arts and Crafts movement comes to Southern California this summer. NOUVEAU TULIPS Floral border stencil, repeating design craft stencil. In general, Arts and Crafts furniture is rectilinear, meaning it has many straight lines, often with an emphasis on vertical and elongated forms. Fine Woodworking receives a commission for items purchased through links on this site, including Amazon Associates and other affiliate advertising programs. Early Arts and Crafts practitioners turned several of these age-old interlocking techniques into signature quaint decorative elements, like the through tenon. Photo by Gavin Ashworth Trustees of Princeton University. Michaels offers online art classes for adults and kids. The Artistic Furniture of Charles Rohlfs by Joseph Cunningham with a foreword by Bruce Barnes and an introduction by Sarah Fayen. These iconic furniture pieces are at the top of every collectors list. Rohlfs is a representative of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and is most famous for his skill as a furniture designer and maker. - History & Design, American Empire Furniture: Style & Characteristics, French Empire Furniture: Style & Characteristics, French vs. Italian Baroque Style Furniture, Art Nouveau Furniture: History & Characteristics, Klismos Chair: Definition, Types & History, William & Mary Style: Furniture & Characteristics, How to Choose a Major: Guidance Counseling, Introduction to Human Resource Management: Certificate Program, Introduction to Computing: Certificate Program, DSST Computing and Information Technology Prep, Economics 101: Principles of Microeconomics, Arts and Crafts Movement: Definition & Style, Impact of Utopian Ideals on Art, Architecture & Crafts, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Theory & Overview, District of Columbia v Heller in 2008: Summary & Decision, McDonald v. City of Chicago in 2010: Summary & Decision, Prayer in Public Schools: History, Law, Pros & Cons, Reynolds v. United States in 1879: Summary & Decision, What is an Exculpatory Clause? The Furniture of Charles Limbert - Arts and Crafts Collector It's usually made of hardwood like oak, and any upholstery is natural materials like leather or canvas. The legs tend to be simple square or tapering columns, often with pieced back splats or slim multiple banisters on chairs or side panels on tables. Michaels has all of your spring holiday decorations covered for Easter including Easter baskets & stuffers . It started from the ideas of reformers like British artist and writer William Morris (1834-1896), who wanted to regain the spirit of quality and execution of medieval guilds. [4], Tall Clock, Rohlfs, ca.1900, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Candlesticks, Rohlfs, 1904, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Desk (Model #500), Rohlfs, 1899-1901, Dallas Museum of Art, Corner chair, Rohlfs, 1898-1899, Dallas Museum of Art, Oak and leather bellows, Rohlfs, 1899-1900, Dallas Museum of Art, Dutch Shoe (Pencil Holder), Rohlfs, 1899-1901, Dallas Museum of Art, Hall chair, Rohlfs, c.1900, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Side chair, Rohlfs, 1905, High Museum of Art, Folding screen, Rohlfs, 1900, High Museum of Art. These can be found in the $2,000 range, whereas a similar Gustav Stickley-designed chair is currently in the $8,000 range. Good-quality reproductions are also available from Warren Hile Studio and Stickley Audi & Co. Arts & Crafts sideboards, desks, chairs, and cabinets tend to be mid-range in scale with medium to dark finishes. Whats Out There: Even-arm settles were made by all of the major Arts & Crafts furniture companies and range from $2,000 to $10,000. After he retired from furniture making around 1907, Rohlfs became a leader of the Chamber of Commerce in Buffalo. It's usually made of dark wood like stained oak, and any hardware is made of wood or simple metal shapes. Online Art Classes for Kids and Adults | Michaels Unsigned tables that are not quarter-sawn oak, have end shelves, and are nailed together rather than pinned crowd the low end of the price range. "Rohlfs' work is genius because it combines styles in completely unique ways," explains Jessica Todd Smith, Virginia Steele Scott Chief Curator of American Art at The Huntington. Explore the arts and crafts movement. He died on June 30, 1936 in Buffalo, New York. An aesthetic response to industrialization, the arts and crafts furniture movement celebrates authentic American craftsmanship with timeless design, quality materials, and naturally strong hardwoods. The designers working for Charles Limbert were given amazing leeway to experiment with a variety of styles, ranging from classic designs influenced by Charles Rennie Macintosh, Frank Lloyd Wright and Gustav Stickley to experimental forms with metal and ebony inlay, cane seats and backs, and table tops with either dramatic overhangs or those trimmed flush with the sides of the case. Become an UNLIMITED member and get it all: searchable online archive of every issue, how-to videos, Complete Illustrated Guide to Woodworking digital series, print magazine, e-newsletter, and more. )[2] He married the successful crime novelist Anna Katharine Green in 1884. The exhibition was organized by the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Chipstone Foundation, and American Decorative Art 1900 Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Reserve the discomfort rap for those Arts & Crafts settles with high backs and low arms (sort of an indoor park bench). If you simply want your children to have a place to sit, eat, sleep, and study, affordably made reproductionsmaybe even affordable vintage piecesmake the most sense. In place of keyed tenons and pegged joints, youll find exposed bolts and countersunk screws. Perhaps as a result of the exposure he received there, Rohlfs became a member of the Royal Society of Arts in London. Beginning in the 1870s, and certainly by the 1880s, Grand Rapids became the center of furniture-making in America. Arts & Crafts Movement furniture by the leading makers were sometimes marked with paper labels, carved, stencils, or brands. Rococo Interior Design Style & History | What is Rococo Design? Industrialization and manufacturing meant people could buy many more things, but they weren't always of good quality. Storage is a priority for everyone, and theres no better way to store books or breakables than in a beautiful Arts & Crafts case piece like a bookcase or china cabinet. This is a small, scholarly focused exhibition of about fifty pieces of the distinctive "artistic furniture" and related objects produced by the workshop of Charles Rohlfs (American, 1853-1936) in Buffalo, New York. Identify your Arts and Crafts Furniture Marks. He received several patents for stove designs, but had limited success as an actor. When it comes arts and crafts furniture specifically, the aesthetic is simple. This is the perfect accompaniment to a Morris chair, and period examples are relatively plentiful. Tags: antiques arts & crafts Barbara Rhines Furniture Gustav Stickley OHJ February/March 2011 Old-House Journal stickley william morris. In general, furniture done in the Arts and Crafts style is very rectilinear, meaning it has many straight lines, often with an emphasis on vertical and elongated forms. 1899. He actively campaigned for child labor reform and was an advocate of the metric system. Balance your budget in a home or executive office that balances craftsman design and hardwood construction with Amish workmanship. Arts and Crafts emphasized simple lines and the construction and work of the individual craftsman. In the spring of 1897, a group of well-known and influential designers, educators and architects from Boston and the surrounding area organized an unusual exhibit that featured hand-crafted furniture, decorations and other hand-made craft items. How to do an Arts & Crafts interior | House & Garden Rohlfs is a representative of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and is most famous for his skill as a furniture designer and maker.[1]. Arts and Crafts Movement Furniture: History and Style - Study.com It was a reaction against mass production and the excesses of Victorian design, which were flaunted at the Great Exhibition in 1851. Yarncentrick Fiber Festival Tickets. Our expansive craft assortments include the most popular art supplies, fabric, canvases, yarn, knitting & crochet supplies, frames, scrapbook materials, beads, jewelry kits, Cricut makers, and much more. Library tables from the A&C era were made in large quantities. Christopher Ross Furniture Colby Co. of Chicago. Gustav Stickley Craftsman Homes:Mission-Style Homes and Furnishings of the American Arts and Crafts Movvement. The Arts and Crafts Movement. If you could have asked, I am sure he would have replied that he was just a furniture salesman. From the Rohlfs home. Reach us at experiences@michaels.com. Kristy Bowen has an M.A in English from DePaul University and an MFA in Creative Writing from Columbia College Chicago. Morris and his followers believed that good design . 07504 012848. Gramercy Books, New York, 1995. Green was an extremely successful mystery writer whose work is represented in The Huntington's library holdings. Michaels. Arts and Crafts Furniture: Exploring a Timeless Style Open to Members only. You won't find fussy floral prints or overstuffed settees in Arts and Crafts furniture. The Charles P. Limbert Company, which was based first in Grand Rapids and then in nearby Holland, Michigan, made some of the most striking factory-produced furniture of the American Arts and Crafts movement. The wood used is most often quarter-sawn oak and sometimes cherry. Shop Opening Hours (Collections during opening hours or free local delivery). Craftsmen Studio is dedicated to building heirloom quality Arts and Crafts Furniture and lighting that honors the original designs and craftsman of the American Arts and Crafts movement of the early 1900's. Arts and Crafts style furniture is based on the idea that fine details and ornamentation should . He never sought the spotlight, never stood center stage like Elbert Hubbard. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Promised Gift of American Decorative Art 1900 Foundation in honor of Joseph Cunningham. Well-constructed Arts and Crafts furniture is made using mortise-and-tenon joinerywhere a projecting tenon fits perfectly into a mortise openingsay, where a leg meets a crossbarwith as little nailing and gluing as possible. Rather than quartersawn flake and a hand-rubbed finish, youll find straight grain oak and a glossy, exterior varnish. In 1897 Rohlfs began a serious career as a furniture maker. Find a well-made example (solid oak, through tenons, hefty legs), pile it up with interesting books, and place it away from the wall to make a strong statement in a room. Jacobean Furniture History & Characteristics | What is Jacobean Furniture? 2023 The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. The popularity of the style was further influenced by publications such as House Beautiful, Ladies Home Journal and the Craftsman because they brought the design principles of the style to the general public. Starred in Mystery Drama Taken From Novel by Wife Anna Katharine Green", "Sitting Witty Charles Rohlfs, From Stage To Craft", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rohlfs&oldid=1109342362, Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 September 2022, at 09:08. - Definition & Examples, What is Exculpatory Language? Charles P. Limbert Co | Artnet He's a former senior editor at Fine Woodworking magazine and has written for This Old House and American Craft. Princeton University Art Museum, Gift of Roland Rohlfs. Charles Rohlfs (February 15, 1853 - June 30, 1936), was an American actor, patternmaker, stove designer and furniture maker. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This Arts and Crafts style oak dresser from Caledonia Studios reveals beautiful rays and flecks, as well as a deep patina hand-applied by the artist. Limbert, Charles P. Co. | Furniture City History The pieces are typically plank construction with flowing curves and cutouts in naive shapes. Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Influence on Arts and Crafts Movement Books such as these make reviewing a true pleasure. . The hardware used on Arts and Crafts furniture tended to be copper, bronze, or plated base metals. So now you know a little more about Arts and Crafts furniture. A number of artistic colonies also formed at this time, notably Rose Valley, founded by Philadelphia architect William Lightfoot Price (18611916), near Moylan, Pennsylvania; the Byrdcliffe Arts and Crafts Colony in Woodstock, New York, founded by Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead (18541929); and, Jane Byrd McCall Whitehead (18611955) and Roycroft, founded at East Aurora, New York, in 1894 by Eldred Hubbard (1856 May 1915). And Limbert was an avid appropriator. This Grand Rapids-based manufacturer successfully brought English and Northern European influences into its designs, and Limbert pieces can have interesting cutouts and subtle curves. Higher prices reflect construction, maker, heft, proportion, and comfort, with deeper seats being more comfortable and therefore more desirable. [2] Rohlfs is the only American furniture maker known to have participated in the International Exposition of Decorative Art in Turin in 1902. The exhibition is made possible by Alamo Rent A Car. Other techniques are similarly chosen for their ability to add strength and longevity: dovetail joinery on drawers and cross rails, center guides and non-plastic side suspension for drawers, hand-cut knobs for doors and drawers. He and his wife, Susan Mack, have been operating their own custom furniture business, Mack and Rodel since 1986. Any high-quality reproduction in solid quarter-sawn oak will still run in the thousands of dollars. Grand Rapids, Michigan, began to emerge as a furniture-making center long before the Arts and Crafts Movement evolved in America. Ross Art and Craft 6 Bow Street, Rugeley, STAFFS. Stickley started a company in Upstate New York to build furniture with quality materials and excellent craftsmanship. "The Artistic Furniture of Charles Rohlfs" is organized by the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Chipstone Foundation, and American Decorative Art 1900 Foundation. Peel & stick stencil- Art Nouveau pattern for furniture painting C306. All rights reserved. Rohlfs designed and made furniture for his family's use as early as 1888, but he did not commence his decade-long career as a professional furniture maker until 1897. Specify exact dimensions. What could be more artsy-craftsy than lounging by the fire with a mug of tea perched on the Morris chairs wide paddle arm? 41 Followers. Michaels Rewards . 6 Arts & Crafts Furniture Essentials - Old House Journal Magazine Charles Ross Art - 13 For Sale at 1stDibs | charles ross arts and crafts furniture, charles.ross, ross paintings for sale Home Creators Charles Ross Art Charles Ross Art Category Prints and Multiples Paintings 4 Photography 2 Price Any price Under $2,000 Under $5,000 $5,000 and up to On sale 5 Shipping Options Item Location USA 13 Search Locations ya @ gmail.com. Books such as these make reviewing a true pleasure. At the bottom is a line of dark, outdoor oak furniture intended for covered porches. The Arts & Crafts Movement in the United States traces its roots back to England and designer William Morris (18341896). Curvy keyhole notches punctuate the design on the back, armrests, and near the bottom of the chair. Limberts cut-out pieces are, one after another, well-thought out designs that have real presence. Handcrafted Amish Furniture Made in the Heartland of America . The book by Cathers (Stickley Style), a lavish, comprehensive monograph on the life and, in particular, the work of an originator of the Arts Furniture of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Hallmarks of the Arts and Crafts Style II, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow Style, Arts & Crafts Furniture: From Classic to Contemporary. Place an art pottery vase filled with forced forsythia stems on this table, and your room will become an artistic revelation. Good pieces are hand-sanded and then pigment-stained many times (with additional sandings between coats) to achieve the desired color. Brookes Manufacturing Company. (301) 509-4685. If it's upholstered, like an armchair, the covering is leather or some other simple colored natural cloth. During the Philadelphia edition of Antiques Roadshow in November 2007, a mahogany chair designed by Rohlfs was appraised for between $80,0000 - $120,000 dollars. Charles Ross (artist) - Wikipedia All rights reserved. The Furniture of Charles Limbert. Along with the Morris chair, the even-arm settle (also called a box settle) is the quintessential piece of seating for the Arts & Crafts collector. Yarncentrick celebrates our diverse community of indie fiber dyers, artisans, and small creative businesses. Antique Arts and Crafts Furniture | Manderley Fine Furniture Rohlfs's father-in-law had been prominent in the Republican Party in New York City, and in 1896, Rohlfs participated in public debates in support of William McKinley's presidential campaign. In England, William Morris founded the design firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Company in 1861 (later known as just Morris & Company), which set about producing furniture, decor, and other objects for the home. Get complete site access to video workshops, digital plans library, online archive, and more, plus the print magazine. Ross Home Store | Online Shopping Furniture For Much Less Rohlfs' furniture, consistently made of oak, clearly relates to the pared-down forms typical of the Arts and Crafts movement, but, seeing himself as an artist, he preferred the terms "artistic furniture" or "the Rohlfs style," to differentiate his work from the mainstream Arts and Crafts movement. The U.S. Now Has a Museum Dedicated to the American Arts and Crafts This exhibition is made possible by Steve Martin. If the goal is to build a legacy collection of Arts and Crafts furniture to hand down to your children, look for the best you can afford, old or new. Arts and Crafts Furniture - Etsy Plume Books, New York,1982. Hardcover ($65) and soft-cover ($50) editions are available at The Huntington's Bookstore & More. Parcourez la librairie en ligne la plus vaste au monde et commencez ds aujourd'hui votre lecture sur le Web, votre tablette, votre tlphone ou un lecteur d'e-books. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Excellent reproduction of extremely rare catalog, originally distributed by important Grand Rapids, Michigan manufacturer of fine Mission-style furniture. Sign up for eletters today and get the latest techniques and how-to from Fine Woodworking, plus special offers. However, the multiplicity of his sources which include influences from British Arts and Crafts, French Art Nouveau, and East Asian furniture, among other design traditionsmakes the work difficult to categorize and has kept Rohlfs on the periphery of scholarship that has focused on more easily defined turn-of-the-century styles. Pieces that are not marked are often attributed to a maker by comparison to company catalogs and well-documented pieces in long term collections. Members' Lecture Tues., Aug. 31: Joseph Cunningham, curator of "The Artistic Furniture of Charles Rohlfs" and author of the related book, will speak at The Huntington's Members' Open House. Starting in 1899, Chicago retailer Marshall Field advertised and offered furniture and other decorative objects by Rohlfs, but sales fell short of expectations. Charles Limbert was an American furniture manufacturer and founder of the Charles P. Limbert Furniture Co. Best known for pieces created in the style of the American Arts and Crafts movement, his most celebrated works include his solidly made oak furniture, possessing unique yet simple lines. We love applying our style to your vision. Photo V&A Publications. Antique Limbert Arts and Crafts Mission Oak Arm Chair. This type of joinery has been used for hundreds of years and is the reason that 100-year-old Arts & Crafts pieces are still in use today, says Tedd Colt of Caledonia Studios. Sterling Rohlfs, a ranch manager, died piloting a private plane over Mexico in 1928. In 1884, he married the popular novelist Anna Katharine Green (18461935), who is now credited as a collaborator in the artist's work and contributor to the design of some of the motifs he carved into his furniture. Sitemap By the time his workshop closed 10 years later, he had developed an international reputation for his work, earning entry into the Royal Society of Arts in London. Copyright 2023 Home Group, a division of Active Interest Media. The same topics fill the book Drama in Design: The Life and Craft of Charles Rohlfs, by Michael L. James, published on the occasion of the Burchfield Art Center's exhibition "The Craftsmanship of Charles Rohlfs."[2]. His most sought after work are the massive forms, often with dramatic features: square and rectangular cutouts in the bases of Morris chairs and tables; sweeping arches; overhanging tops influenced by the Prairie School designers; wide boards and heavy, thick legs featuring prominent quartersawn flaking; and, my personal favorite dramatic corbels stretching nearly to the floor, not just under the arms of chairs, but on sideboards and bookcases as well. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, American Furniture Styles: History & Examples, English Furniture Styles: History & Examples, Dutch Furniture: History & Characteristics, Moroccan Interior Design: History, Style & Elements, American Country Furniture: History & Design, French Country Furniture: History & Design, French Provincial Furniture: History & Style, Queen Anne Furniture: History, Characteristics & Facts, What is Highboy Furniture? Both forms are being reproduced if you cant wait to locate an original. - Definition & Examples, Criminal Threat: Definition, Levels & Charges, Information Disclosure Statement & Patents, Imminent Danger: Legal Definition & Examples, Homeland Security Advisory System: Colors & History, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The exhibition is a natural fit at The Huntington, as progressive design of the late 19th and early 20th century is a growing strength of the institution's holdings, anchored by a major collection of William Morris materials acquired in 1999. Go ahead, choose unusual colors. UNLIMITED membership - Get access to it all. Lifetime produced lesser-quality bookcases with a mullion grid laid over a single pane of glass; they are still attractive and desirable, but the price should reflect this cost-cutting production technique. Art Deco History & Style | What is Art Deco Design? An art critic writes, "The photographs in the exhibition of the house that the Rohlfs designed and build [i.e., built] at 156 Park St. (still extant) in 1912 reveal a sense of structural harmony between woodwork and furniture that sidesteps typical Victorian clutter."[2]. (The latter has glass sides as well as glass doors to better display china or pottery.) Whats Out There: Tabourets are easily found in antiques stores, for anywhere from $150 to $2,000. An exquisite example is the single-oval occasional table, which adds grace to a room with its canted legs, trapezoidal cutouts, and curved top. It came about through the ideas of reformers like British artist and writer William Morris, who lived from 1834 to 1896, who wanted to recapture the spirit of quality and workmanship found in medieval guilds. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you His father had been a furniture dealer, and Charles worked as a salesman for a company in Indiana and the famous J.A. For additional information, seek out a copy of these out of print, limited edition exhibition catalogues: Kindred Styles: The Arts and Crafts Furniture of Charles Limbert by A. Patricia Bartinique. Charles Ross is an artist, sculptor, and is currently building Star Axis, an earthwork in eastern New Mexico. An error occurred trying to load this video. Among them was Gustav Stickley, who lived from 1858 to 1942, and who believed mass-produced furniture was poorly constructed and too complicated. A stunning desk chair made around 1898 illustrates the point. American designer Gustav Stickley and other American designers and furniture companies popularized the style in the US. The Exposition brought him fame. Overview. Specialties: Michaels has everything you need to explore your inner creativity. Add drawers. It included fine art, architecture, design, and decorative arts like ceramics and furniture. This work is characterized by plain construction that showcases the hand of the artisan. View more in our Arts and Crafts Furniture Price Guide. 150 lessons. Stickley Craftsman Furniture Catalogs: Unabriged Reprints of Two Mission Furniture Catalogs. Mortise and tenon joints are often pinned with dowels so they wont shift as the wood shrinks and swells. Riverbed Dragonflies Furniture Decor Transfer butterfly, moth, 24" x 35" Dixie Belle Re-Design with Prima, Chalk Mineral Paint. The rare Limbert double-oval occasional table evokes the work of Scottish master Charles Rennie Mackintosh and is in the $10,000 range. Have a question? This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Plus tips, advice, and special offers from, Get woodworking tips, expert advice and special offers in your inbox, Get woodworking tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox, Fine Woodworking issue 274, Willie Sandry, Video Workshop: Limbert Inspired Coffee Table with Kevin Rodel, Arts-and-Crafts Cottage Bookcase by Willie Sandry #274-Mar/Apr 2019 Issue, Uncommon Arts & Crafts by Jonathan Binzen #239Mar/Apr 2014 Issue Going beyond Stickley to uncover the riches of a many-faceted movement, Shaker candle stand with Christian Beckvoort, Arts & Crafts Coffee Table with Story-Book Charm, Bottom feeding in the woodworking world, Part 2, Another perspective: The Mashrabiya Project, Build a frame-and-panel door with hand tools - Part 2, Designer's notebook: Turning out of context, How to build old-fashioned carriage doors. (Photo: William Wright; furniture photos courtesy of JMW Gallery). Michaels has all of your spring holiday decorations covered for Easter including Easter baskets & stuffers . Quarter-sawing is a cutting method that results in boards less likely to crack, check, or warp than other cuts; it also reveals the beautiful flecks or rays in the grain so characteristic of Arts and Crafts furniture. - Definition & History, Greek Revival Furniture: History & Characteristics, What is an Eames Chair? And don't be surprised if you see furniture that looks reminiscent of it in contemporary homes and offices. This was counter to modern industry, where design was usually entirely separate from manufacturing. Stickely, Gustave & L.&j.G. Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, and artist who is widely considered one of the most important figures in the Arts and Crafts movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Well-constructed arts and crafts, or craftsman furniture, is crafted using mortise and tenon joinery. Details on Stickleys Tsuba Morris chair include incised carving, ebony pegs, and cloud-lift styling. Under each armrest is a large decorative medallion cut from a single board in a pattern with obvious connections to Asian design. Works by Charles Rohlfs are included in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, Brooklyn Museum, Carnegie Museum of Art, Dallas Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, High Museum of Art, Huntington Art Collections, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Milwaukee Art Museum, Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Museum of Fine Arts-Boston, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Princeton University Art Museum, Saint Louis Art Museum, Toledo Museum of Art, Two Red Roses Foundation, Virginia Museum of Fine Art and Wolfsonian-FIU.