UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. contiguous zone - according to the UNCLOS (Article 33), this is a zone contiguous to a coastal state's territorial sea, over which it may exercise the control necessary to: prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea; the contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured (e.g., the US has claimed a 12-nautical mile contiguous zone in addition to its 12-nautical mile territorial sea); where the coasts of two states are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither state is entitled to extend its contiguous zone beyond the median line, every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baseline from which the contiguous zone of both states are measured. [4] All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the mare liberum principle propounded by Hugo Grotius). Teresita Daza has emphasized that the Philippines has the legal right to carry out routine patrols "in our territorial waters and EEZ." . In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. This map only shows EEZ, territorial waters. territorial sea - the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea in the UNCLOS (Part II); this sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as its underlying seabed and subsoil; every state has the right to establish the By the 1970s, however, more than forty countries had asserted a twelve-mile limit for their territorial waters. Other nations were quick to follow suit. 1979), Oxford Public International Law: Internal Waters (2013), Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Certain Foreign Ministers of November 8, 1793, The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Seas: A Brief History (1972), Reagan Extends Territorial Waters to 12 Miles, Freedom of Navigation and Territorial Seas (May 18, 2015), Notifications of Suspension of Innocent Passage, (64 Fed. 42 offsite link. The U.S. EEZ overlaps its claimed 12 nm - 24 nmcontiguous zone. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone. Demystifying the Maritime Zones and Other Marine Boundaries on NOAA'S Nautical Charts. Markedly, the Security Council did not expressly authorize the seizure and destruction of unflagged vessels on the high seas. territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, Australia, Chile, and Argentina claim Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) rights or similar over 200 nm extensions seaward from their continental claims, but like the claims themselves, these zones are not accepted by other countries; 22 of 29 Antarctic Treaty consultative parties have made no claims to Antarctic territory, although Russia and the United States have reserved the right to do so, and no country can make a new claim; also see the Disputes - international entry, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the outer limits of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limitcontinental shelf: median line with neighbors, territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with Guatemalaexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmEnvironment (Protection and Preservation) Zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200/350 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: since 2011, the DRC has had a Common Interest Zone agreement with Angola for the mutual development of off-shore resources, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmnote: Ecuador has declared its right to extend its continental shelf to 350 nm measured from the baselines of the Galapagos Archipelago, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cypruscontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)continental shelf: 200m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen and Iles Eparses (does not include the rest of French Southern and Antarctic Lands); Juan de Nova Island and Tromelin Island claim a continental shelf of 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: extent not specifiedexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, note: effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice, territorial sea: 6 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 3 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulfcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and the Korea and Tsushima Straitscontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmnote: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Straitcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russiacontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 62 nmnote: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 25 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: defined by treaty, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 10 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea as wide as 285 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or the median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean), territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extends to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlinescontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Seaexclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundariesexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 15 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Foreign states may also lay submarine pipes and cables. 1. 7219,August 2, 1999), consistent with Article 33 of the Law of the Sea Convention. Law of the Sea, branch of international law concerned with public order at sea. The portion of a coastal State's continental shelf that lies beyond the 200 nm limit is often called the extended continental shelf. Territorial sea: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource, in essence, the coastal State enjoys Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. The boundaries of these maritime zones between coastal States are established through international agreements entered into by those nations. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. ", This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 17:08. Have a comment on this page? Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. All coastal states have the. The nine (9) nautical mile Natural Resources Boundary is the seaward limit of the submerged lands of Puerto Rico, Texas and the Gulf coast of Florida. For the official description of the U.S. maritime boundaries with other nations contact the U.S. Department of State. Alternatively, a list of geographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted. The MARPOL convention is an example of such regulation. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS. 1. [24], Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. The territorial sea of the United States is a maritime zone extending beyond the land territory and internal waters of the United States over which the United States exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction, a sovereignty and jurisdiction that extend to the airspace over the territorial sea, as well as to its bed and subsoil. Such suspension shall take effect only after having been duly published. (b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or. The meaning of TERRITORIAL WATERS is the waters under the sovereign jurisdiction of a nation or state including both marginal sea and inland waters. generation in Japan' s territorial waters and inland waters in accordance with the Act on Promoting the Utilization of Sea Areas for the Development of Marine Renewable Energy Power Generation . If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks. China deployed warships through waters around Taiwan on Thursday as it vowed a "firm and forceful" response to the island's president meeting US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy. Within its EEZ, a coastal State has: (a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil and the superjacent waters and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds; (b) jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures, marine scientific research, and the protection and preservation of the marine environment, and (c) other rights and duties provided for under international law. 2. Territorial Waters. The coastal State may not levy execution against or arrest the ship for the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect of obligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the purpose of its voyage through the waters of the coastal State. 0000037617 00000 n 5. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea. 1. The UNCLOS treaty guarantees rights such as innocent passage through territorial seas; transit passage through, under and over international straits; and the laying and maintaining of submarine cables. The coastal State may, where necessary having regard to the safety of navigation, require foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through its territorial sea to use such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes as it may designate or prescribe for the regulation of the passage of ships. The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by Arvid Pardo, of Malta, and in 1973 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was convened in New York. The coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length. [1] The convention has been ratified by 168 parties, which includes 164 UN member states, 1 UN Observer state (Palestine) and two associated countries (the Cook Islands and Niue) plus the European Union. In the cases provided for in paragraphs1 and2, the coastal State shall, if the master so requests, notify a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such agent or officer and the ship's crew.
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