The three trading castes of Vania, Lohana and Bhatia were mainly urban. The pattern of inter-divisional marriages shows how the idea of free marriage, which guides most of the inter-caste marriages, is restricted, modified, and graded according to the traditional structure of caste divisions. The Bhavsars claim to be of Kshatriya descent. Caste divisions of the first-order can be classified broadly into three categories. I have, therefore, considered them a first-order division and not a second-order one among Brahmans (for a fuller discussion of the status of Anavils, see Joshi, 1966; Van der Veen 1972; Shah, 1979). Thus, Hathiwala could mean someone who looks after or trains elephants. Nor do I claim to know the whole of Gujarat. I should hasten to add, however, that the open-minded scholar that he is, he does not rule out completely the possibility of separation existing as independent principle. If the marriage took place within the Vania fold but outside the tad or ekda, as the case may be, the punishment varied according to the social distance between the tads or ekdas of the bride and the groom. Literally, then, the words Meghwal and Meghwar connote a people who belong to Megh lineage. endobj One may say that there are now more hypogamous marriages, although another and perhaps a more realistic way of looking at the change would be that a new hierarchy is replacing the traditional one. ), , 77. Within each of these divisions, small endogamous units (ekdas, gols, bandhos) were organized from time to time to get relief from the difficulties inherent in hypergamy. & Date 1. In contrast, there were horizontal units, the internal hierarchy and hypergamy of which were restricted to some extent by the formation of small endogamous units and which had discernible boundaries at the lowest level. In the village strict prohibition of inter-division marriage as well as the rules of purity and pollution and other mechanisms, of which the students of Indian village communities are well aware since the 1950s, maintained the boundaries of these divisions. ", The Meghwal are found in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. As could be expected, there were marriages between fairly close kin, resulting in many overlapping relationships, in such an endogamous unit. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Kambadia Bhagat: 32: 31: Kangasia: 33: 32: Khatki or Kasai . Similarly, the Vanias were divided into such divisions as Disawal, Kapol, Khadayata, Lad, Modh, Nagar, Nima, Porwad, Shirmali, Vayada, and Zarola. Sanghvi derives its name from sangha, a Sanskrit word that means assembly. The surname Sanghvi likely refers to someone who offers hospitality to Jain pilgrims.. They were involved in agriculture in one way or another. CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF GUJARAT Entry No Caste/ Community Resolution No. Barot was originally the name of a community that derived itself from the Bhat community. Phone +91 79 23253245 2021 Director, Developing Castes Welfare, Government of Gujarat Privacy PolicySitemapHyperlinking PolicyCopyright PolicyTerms & ConditionsDisclaimer Visitors 1766792 Last update 21 Apr 2023 Most Gujarati surnames or last names have an ancestral origin, and some are derived from the Sanskrit language and have a peculiar significance. The indigenous Kolis in the highland area of Pal in eastern Gujarat were called Palia, but there was another smaller population of KoUs, who were locally called Baria but were actually Talapada immigrants from central Gujarat. The following two tabs change content below. The marital alliances of the royal families forming part of the Maratha confederacy, and of the royal families of Mysore in south India and of Kashmir and Nepal in the north with the royal families of Gujarat and Rajasthan show, among other things, how there was room for flexibility and how the rule of caste endogamy could be violated in an acceptable manner at the highest level. This Sikhism-related article is a stub. The migration of the Kolis of north Gujarat into central Gujarat and those of the latter into eastern Gujarat was a process of slow drift from one village to another over a period of time. Yes. On the other hand, there was an almost simultaneous spurt in village studies. The surname thus has an occupational origin. Moreover, some leading Anavils did not wish to be bothered about Brahman status, saying that they were just Anavil. A large number of priestly, artisan and service castes also lived in both villages and towns: Bramhans, barbers, carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, leather-workers, scavenges, water-carriers, palanquin-bearers, and so on. As you know Digital Gujrat is the feature of our generation. Their work is distinguished by their primary use of red, which comes from a local pigment produced from crushed insects. It is quite a common Gujarati surname, and indicates that the person is a believer of Jainism. Thus, all religions and communities have different surnames and the backgrounds can be similar or different as well. It used to have a panch (council of leaders) and sometimes also a headman (patel). After Independence, this translated into a mobilisation for better positions. There was also another kind of feast, called bhandaro, where Brahmans belonging to a lesser number of divisions (say, all the few in a small town) were invited. The emphasis on being different and separate rather than on being higher and lower was even more marked in the relationship among the forty or so second-order divisions. Content Guidelines 2. Third, although two or more new endogamous units came into existence and marriage between them was forbidden thereafter, a number of pre-existing kinship and affinal relationships continued to be operative between them. The interesting and popular Gujarati surnames make them stand out from the rest. <> The census reports provide such figures until 1931, but it is well known that these pose many problems for sociological analysis, most of which arise out of the nature of castes as horizontal units. There was also a tendency among bachelors past marriageable age to establish liaisons with lower-caste women, which usually led the couple to flee and settle down in a distant village. Bhagat is a term used in the Indian subcontinent to describe religious personalities who have obtain high acclaim in their community for their services and devoutness.It is also one of the clan in Mahar caste with clan totem as King Cobra and also a surname found among Marathas, Bania communities and Punjabi Brahmins. By the beginning of British rule in the early 19th century, a considerable number of these chieftains had succeeded in establishing petty chiefdoms, each composed of one, and occasionally more than one, village, in all parts of Gujarat. Most of the other eighty or so second-order divisions among Brahmans, however, seem to be subdivided the way the Vania second-order divisions were subdivided into third-order and fourth-order divisions. Unfortunately, such figures are not available for the last fifty years or so. It will readily be agreed that the sociological study of Indian towns and cities has not made as much progress as has the study of Indian villages. While fission did occur, fusion could also occur. This stratum among the Kanbis coped with the problem mainly by practising remarriage of widows and divorced women. Further, the castes there are unable to take cognizance of each other in terms of hierarchy or of occupation, and it is in this situation that they can be said to exist by virtue of their differences (296) it is the systematic recognition of difference which is most apparent. This reflects the high degree of divisiveness in castes in Gujarat. Purohit means a family priest or a priest who always stays at the forefront of a pooja (a prayer ritual). In an area of the first kind there are no immigrant Kolis from elsewhere, and therefore, there is no question of their having second-order divisions. Bhagat in Hindi and means pious as an adjective, a devotee of a deity as a noun (source: Shabdkosh online Punjabi and Hindi dictionaries). Almost every village in this area included at least some Leva population, and in many villages they formed a large, if not the largest, proportion of the population. Since the beginning of the modern reform movement to encourage inter-caste marriages-most of which are in fact inter-tad or inter-ekda marriagesthe old process of fission into ekdas and tads has come to a halt, and it is, therefore, difficult to understand this process without making a systematic historical enquiry. 2. Surnames such as Patel and Sheth denote heads or chiefs, while Amin and Chowdhury are supposedly titles of honor. Because Sikhism believes in one human creed (no one belongs to a higher or a lower social status or caste) and that accounts to adding Bani of various authors, a total of 36, in Guru Granth Sahib irrespective of many belonging to religions other than Sikhism. I hope to show that the integration of the study of caste in urban areas with that of rural areas is essential to a comprehensive understanding of caste and its implications for Indian society and culture. As a consequence, the continuities of social institutions and the potentiality of endogenous elements for bringing about change are overlooked (for a discussion of some other difficulties with these paradigms, see Lynch 1977). For example, if they belonged to two different second-order divisions, such as Shrimali and Modh, the punishment would be greater than if they belonged to two different ekdas within the Shrimali or the Modh division. The surname thus has an occupational origin. It owned corporate property, usually in the form of vadis (large buildings used for holding feasts and festivals, accommodating wedding guests, and holding meetings), huge utensils for cooking feasts, and money received as fees and fines. Castes having continuous internal hierarchy and lacking effective small endogamous units, such as Rajputs, Leva Kanbis, Anavils and Khedawals, do not have active associations for lower-order divisions. Asking different questions and using different methods are necessary. For describing the divisions of the remaining two orders, it would be necessary to go on adding the prefix sub but this would make the description extremely clumsy, if not meaningless. No sooner had the village studies begun that their limitations and the need for studying caste in its horizontal dimension were realized. If the first-order divisions are called jatis and castes, the second-order divisions would be called sub-jatis or sub-castes. Click here for additional information. The Kolis in such an area may not even be concerned about a second-order divisional name and may be known simply as Kolis. Further, during this lengthy process of slow amalgamation those who will marry in defiance of the barriers of sub-caste, will still be imbued with caste mentality (1932: 184). It is the Gujarati word for a parrot. Her experience in impactful writing combined with her background in Home Sciences makes Aparna the perfect candidate for content writing in the pregnancy and parenting niche. Unfortunately, although the Kolis are an important element in Gujarats population, their earlier ethnography is confusing, and there is hardly any modern, systematic, anthropological, sociological or historical study, so that the confusion continues to persist. It is argued that the various welfare programmes of each caste association, such as provision of medical facilities, scholarships and jobs for caste members contribute, in however small a way, to the solution of the nations problems. Individuals from the Barot community would usually work as genealogists (one who studies and makes a pedigree) and as bards. In fact, inter-tad marriages have increased so much that the tads have more or less lost their identity and such marriages are no longer considered as violating the rule of tad endogamy. Breaking down their involvement in state . Amin (originally the Patidar caste in Gujarat) probably had an occupational origin referring to individuals who worked as tax collectors for the Mughal Empire. , -, -, -, -, Labana, Mheravat, Goti, Hadkashi, Zod Dhinga, Pelya, Shatbe,Baman, , , , , , , , , Machhi (Hindu)Kharwa, Khalas, Dhimar, Dhivar, Mitna Tandel, Mangela, Khalasi, Sarang, Kahar, () , , , , , , , , , Majothi Kumbar, Majothi, Kumbar, Darban or Darban Majothi(all Muslim), , , ( ), Matwa or Matwa-Kureshi (muslim), Gavli (Hindu), - (), (), Mochi, Jansali, Siyania, Myanagar, Jingar, Dasania, Chamadia, Bharatbhara, Chandia, Sonari, Aari Bharatbhara, (except Dang district and Umargam taluka of Valsad district, , , , , , , , , , , , ( , Pinjara, Ganchi-Pinjara, Mansuri-Pinjara (all Muslim), , -, - ( ). Our analysis of caste in towns has shown how it differed significantly from that in villages. Any one small caste may look insignificant in itself but all small castes put together become a large social block and a significant social phenomenon. Frequently, the shift from emphasis on co-operation and hierarchy in the caste system to emphasis on division (or difference or separation) is described as shift from whole to parts, from system to elements, from structure to substance. They are known by various names such as Ganeshia, Rikhia, and Risha. To have a meaningful understanding of the system of caste divisions, there is no alternative but to understand the significance of each order of division and particularly the nature of their boundaries and maintenance mechanisms. All associations originated in large towns, are more active in towns than in villages, and are led by prominent members in towns. In the meanwhile, it is important to note that there does not seem to have been any attempt to form small endogamous units (ekdas, gols) at any level among the Rajputs unlike attempts made as we shall see, among some other hypergamous castes in Gujarat.
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