However, this citation trend in Covid-19 literature has not been limited to only a select few articles. Types of items Journals included Time periods for counts Average Citation Rates Thresholds Types of items counted Papers are defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. in the group. American Sociological Review,22(6), 635659. Finally, the model was adjusted to account for the discrepancy in volume between non-Covid-19 papers and Covid-19 papers. A variety of values for N may be considered, where a low threshold would be more exclusive, delineating a relatively large proportion of researchers to be reviewed, and a high threshold would be conservative, maximising inclusiveness and focussing only on extreme outliers. This would mean that the article was cited 28% more times than expected for articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. We compared this to the papers under Article that WOS captured over the same 3-month period for that journal. For an overview of FWCIs and how they're calculated, see: For a quick overview of field weighted citation impact metrics (which includes FWCI), see: Ebling Library, Health Sciences Learning Center Kacem et al. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Like all impact metrics, vulnerable to gamification (e.g.. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. The quantitative aspect may not be associated with quality of the publications. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0523-6. Scientometrics,15(56), 437447. This final point is important because it changes our focus for the future. According to Clarivate Analytics, a Cited Reference Search will . The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The publication clusters associated with Highly Cited Researchers have a high level of manual curation and each researcher has multiple papers all of which have many citations. Social Studies of Science,44(4), 625637. Elsevier's Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is similarly defined as "the ratio of the total citations received, and the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the citation rates in subject fields" (e.g., Scopus, 2000). Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L. & Wouters, P. (2019). Article Is there a clubbing effect underlying Chinese research citation increases? ), Springer handbook of science and technology indicators (pp. The issue is whether, under pressure, scientists and scholars do indeed increase self-citation artificially to boost their potential for rewards (including appointments, promotions, and funding). As such, researchers are eager to add their contributions to what is known and what can be done to combat Covid-19 and, to do this, are citing earlier works to support their approaches. received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided 2010; Ladle et al. However, their citation records are substantial enough not to be affected by small variations and they should be broadly representative of peer expectations about standards and good practice in publication and citation behaviour. Scopus also offers a Citation Tracker feature that allows for a listing of articles, web sources and patents that cite a particular publication since 1996. Men set their own cites high: Gender and self-citation across fields and over time. Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). Arxiv preprint. ISBN-13: 978-3527337040. Example: An article published in 2017 has been cited 5 times in 2017, 10 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, and 12 times in 2020. What do citation counts measure? The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. Google Scholar allows for searching of a particular work or author and retrieves results from a variety of sources such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, meeting abstracts, web sites, gray literature, PPTs and other formats. The graph below depicts the percentile rank of Frontiers journals (blue dots) in their respective JCR category. An RCR of 1 is considered average, while an RCR greater than 1 is above average. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30443. Yu, G., & Wang, L. (2007). The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations Schreiber, M. (2007). (1983). Scientometrics,42(3), 423428. Fields are ranked by median self-citation rate. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,23(2), 2546. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026644. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. Consequently, citation rates should not be received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. 2006; Glnzel 2008; van Raan 2008; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. For simplicity of the ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. ), countries represented by the authors of the citing works, subject focus or discipline of the citing works. Next, articles without the terms Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for only non-Covid-19 articles in the journal. In the United States, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and allocates 940 million dollars to the National Institute of Health (NIH) to be used for funding Covid-19 research [16]. Only Covid-19 articles within the Medicine, General, and Internal category were significantly affected by the field itself with a 28% boost in citation rate relative to non-Covid-19 articles (p = 0.029, 95%CI [0.132.43]). We conduct our search using keywords Covid-19, coronavirus, and sars-cov-2 to locate publications with these words in the title. We considered a variety of thresholds, but as visual guidelines we found that the accepted box-plot standard of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range worked well. San Francisco, CA. Non-citation rates vary enormously by field. In other words, self-citations are implicitly woven in the fabric of scientific and scholarly publishing and communication and, in that sense, their influence cannot be excised from the citation record. 2015; Bornmann 2017). This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Ioannidis et al. An authors self-references are a fixed ratio at a given time, and the calculation of a self-referencing rate uses as a denominator all cited references in the publications of the author. Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. (2012). Exceptional medians were Space Science (SPA, 14.1%) and Mathematics (MAT, 15.6%). The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21332. Percentile values are baselines for evaluating research impact. Scopus. The combination of a long bibliography of papers published in obscure journals and an abnormally high self-citation count would make the intent so obvious that the technique would be self-defeating (Garfield 1979). Citation Impact can vary significantly across The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on The log plot is of benefit because it is a more appropriate presentation of the data for a negative binomial distribution. The preliminary clusters were then cleaned by visual inspection and further aggregated where appropriate. 10-year period. PLoS ONE, 11(8), article number e0161021. The highly cited papers were clustered by author, initially using an algorithmic approach. A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. (2020). Glnzel, W., & Thijs, B. Calculating the Relative Citation Ratio (RCR). PLoS Biology, 17(8), article number e3000384. This equates to a Covid-19: non-Covid-19 ratio of 5.58 citations per article. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from citation counts of papers that meet the criteria for inclusion in ESI. Waltmans review of citation impact indicators includes a summary of studies on self-citation (Waltman 2016). Scientometrics,5(4), 211218. In the past, as here, attention has been given to self-citation in isolation but in fact the co-authors also benefit. Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. papers published in one research field in a given year. On the shoulders of Robert Merton: Towards a normative theory of citation. Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). For instance, most papers in Nature (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote. Any paper published in the 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same period. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,52(2), 87108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195773. Thus, more funding opportunities are available at the researcher level for research that focuses on Covid-19. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (CiteScore 2020 edition). Garfield, E. (1979). [30], In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves, Universit de Montral, Imperial College London, PLOS, eLife, EMBO Journal, The Royal Society, Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors. CiteScore metrics: A family of eight metrics and useful features. Merton, R. K. (1988). 6, 7, 8, 9). Temporal differences in self-citation rates of scientific journals. Such considerations stem from the Mertonian notion of a citation as a repayment of an intellectual debt, which in turn provides reward in the form of community recognition to those so credited (Small 2004). Learned Publishing,32(3), 249258. As new variants appear, researchers are offered the chance to publish on new epidemiological or variant characterization studies. (2019) were right to draw attention to the statistical properties of these distributions: they have regular and testable properties. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. ESI surveys more than 11,000 journals from around the world to rank authors, institutions, countries, and journals in 22 broad fields based on publication and citation performance. The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000018535.99885.e9. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,33(5), 281284. Research Policy,48(2), 478491. A bibliometric approach to the role of author self-citations in scientific communication. If a co-author has established a track record that depends in fact on egregious self-citation by their colleagues then their record is no more valid than the self-citer, of whom they must be aware. An annual value that measures the citation impact of a title (i.e., journal, book series, conference proceeding or trade journal; includes special issues). Research Policy,46(5), 970983. Galvez, R. H. (2017). Self-citation corrections for the Hirsch index. 2004; Costas et al. Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991). Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. Examples: For Articles in the field . 2006; Schubert et al. The rate at which authors self-reference can be a guide to cultural norms (and to outliers) as much as is the frequency of self-citing. Average citation rates of these subsets are commonly used as a baseline so that one can compare among disciplines. Some of these limitations include: For a high-level overview of normalized metrics and their limitations, see: For an overview of the RCR and how it's calculated, see: Hutchins BI, Yuan X, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. (2018). A standard boxplot normally displays 1.5 times the inter-quartile range (i.e. We emphasize the labelling we use for these two because there is potential confusion in the terms self citing and self cited, which have been used elsewhere. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The narrow definition would require a specific authors name on both citing and cited documents; the broad view would describe a self-citation as any instance in which any author name appears on the two (scientist B, without scientist A as an author, citing a paper by scientist A and B), sometimes called all-author to all-author self-citation. The Matthew effect in science. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. The influence of international collaboration on the impact of research results: Some simple mathematical considerations concerning the role of self-citations. As examples: for the ESI field of Chemistry (Fig. Field normalized citation metrics are used to attempt to contextualize the citation rate of an article to the expected citation rate of other articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. 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The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Highly cited papers are defined for this purpose as those in the top 1% by citations in their ESI field and for their year of publication. Journal of Informetrics,8(1), 123135. One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). Schubert, A. Zaggl, M. A. We anticipate that these findings could be of value to journals editors and researchers when considering efforts for future publications. The following sample from a Percentiles The term percentile designates a citation threshold at or above that at which a fixed fraction of the papers fall. Published 2016 Sep 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, article number UNSP e13151. Cities With the Highest Price-to-Rent Ratios: Where Renting Is More Favorable Than Buying. American Documentation,14(3), 195201. The number of these outliers is unrelated to the numbers of researchers profiled. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2160-2. In fact, the problem for the community is the research papers to which attention is falsely drawn by high citation counts generated by the author or authors. Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2019). Any paper published in the will be below the citation rate for all years. 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458380. When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). Performance-based university research funding systems. Citation frequency is highly skewed with many infrequently cited papers and relatively few highly cited papers. Communism, universalism and disinterestedness: Re-examining contemporary support among academics for Mertons scientific norms. PLoS ONE, 14(9): article number e0221212. Rousseau, R. (1999). Excessive and artificial forms of self-citation have been discussed and studied for: Individuals, especially in the context of the h index (Hirsch 2005; Schreiber 2007; Engqvist and Frommen 2008; Zhivotovsky and Krutovsky 2008; Gianoli and Molina-Montenegro 2009; Schreiber 2009; Engqvist and Frommen 2010; Minasny et al. Small (2004) offered a synthesis of motives for citation, in which citations serve a dual function as vehicles of peer recognition and constructed symbols for specific original achievements. In practice, self-citation seems rarely to be an activity located at one pole or the otherdisinterestedness (Mertonian) or interestedness (social constructivist)but generally to occupy some middle ground along a spectrum of motivations and meanings. Using a negative regression model to analyze the entire data, Covid-19 papers have 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers when controlling for field and article number discrepancies. When negative binomial regression is used to minimize the influence of other variables such as article number variation and field of research, Covid-19 papers have still experienced more than 80% increase in citations relative to non-Covid-19 papers. White (2001) described most instances of self-citation as egocentric without being egotistical and others have explained or defended the legitimate desire to make ones work visible to other scientists and scholars, in addition to indicating its relevance (Kaplan 1965; Pichappan and Sarasvady 2002; Hyland 2003; Glnzel et al. Data covers a rolling 10-year period and includes bimonthly updates to rankings and citation counts. A note on self-citation rates in astronomical papers. Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21298. Wilsdon, J., Allen, E., Belfiore, E., Campbell, P., Curry, S., Hill, S., et al. Each discipline makes an equal contribution to the metric, which eliminates differences in researcher citation behavior. Note we are excluding the number of citations received in 2021, as FWCIs only include citations to an article 3 complete calendar years after its publication. 2017). Using information provided in Clarivate's 2020 Journal Citation Reports [] published on June 30, 2021, the top three journals by impact factor were selected from eight scientific categories as defined by WOS.Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that field . With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). Does co-authorship inflate the share of self-citations? 2019; Biagioli et al. Toward the more effective identification of journals with anomalous self-citation. 2019; Seeber et al. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. 2019; Seeber et al. Cozzens, S. E. (1989). Part of Springer Nature. (2013). Even with a graphical test, analytical identification of outliers is only the first step in assessing the data as a reliable indicator of community-wide influence or not. Select the "Cited by" link and selecting the "Search within articles citingXYZ work" checkbox to discover the impact of a work. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Self-citations in scientific literature. N=1.5 in this equation). Our impact metrics reflect the power of research that is open to all. We had reason to question this approach when we noted that China was leading in citation rates https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. (2016). Cap Rates will be higher or lower for individual properties depending upon the size, class and location of the property within the MSA. New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing. Content analysis of references: Adjunct or alternative to citation counting. Narin (1976) saw another possible method for manipulating the citation record: If citation analysis becomes an accepted, universal method of evaluating research utilization, scientists may conspire with their colleagues to cite one another to effect an increase in their individual citation counts. These outliers may be distinguished graphically by setting a threshold related to the inter-quartile range of the relevant dataset. Zhao, D. Z., & Strotmann, A. Are methodological papers more cited than theoretical or empirical ones: the case of sociology. Data displayed are the average percentage of citations from (self-referencing to earlier papers) and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. In every field-based profile, some researcher portfolios are on a steeper part of the curve with values above but continuous with the central range. Institutional self-citation rates: A three-year study of universities in the United States. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,23(5), 250252. Biagioli, M., & Lippman, A. In Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators (pp. The nature of research in a field, its level of fractionation, typical citation densities and potentials: all these and more contribute to what may be an expected rate of self-citation for a field or an individual. 2015; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. Scientometrics,77(2), 373375. Davis, P. M. (2009). 2), Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-citation to highly cited papers authored by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. 2019; Shehatta and Al-Rubaish 2019). Ramanathan D. Kadirvel. Field normalized citation metrics are an article level metric. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol23no2.2. eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1:115126 (Reprinted in: Merton, R. K. (1973). 2019; Seeber et al. In-text function of author self-citations: Implications for research evaluation practice. In our study, we use Clarivates Web of ScienceScience Citation Index Expanded database to identify Covid-19 papers published in 24 major scientific journals over a period of 24 months from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The field or subject area: t: Year: d: Document Type: n: The number of subjects to which a paper is assigned: i: . Are citations indicative or predictive of translational or clinical applications? Google Scholar. "[61][62], According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23302. 1.5 times the inter-quartile range as for box-plots) for each field. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. Glnzel, W., Debackere, K., Thijs, B., & Schubert, A. 2: r=0.55, N=240 researchers, P<0.001) and for the ESI field of Engineering (r=0.59, N=225 researchers, P<0.001). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,59(10), 16311643. Within each ESI field, the average self-citing rate for each Highly Cited Researchers output was displayed by ranked order of the percentage of cites (to highly cited papers) that were self-cites or references (listed in highly cited papers) that were self-cites or self-references. Brooks, T. A. Many have observed that the term self-citation is frequently used to mean two different forms or modes of self-mention: self-referencing (cited reference to self within a list in ones own publication); and self-citing (citations from ones own work among all citations to ones publications). Bar plots show the total number of citations received in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019, with Frontiers journals in blue. Additionally, citation rate for Covid-19 papers has been assessed previously without direct comparison to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals [20]. Field weighted citation impact (FWCI) is calculated by dividing the total number of citations an article has received the year it was published and 3 complete calendar years after its publication by the average number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year are expected to receive within the same time period. A large-scale analysis of impact factor biased journal self-citations. Measuring science: Basic principles and application of advanced bibliometrics.
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