At work, the model found application in graphological personnel selection. Ishikawa T, Nemoto M, Nemoto K, Takeuchi T, Numata Y et al. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. We suppose that graphology and psychology could complement each other, and in this perspective, we explore the hypothesis of the existence of a bidirectional relationship between psychology, graphology and neuroscience which allows to gain insight into ourselves and others. Between 1889 and 1978 the Estonian psychologist Ania Teillard before he dedicated herself to the study of Jung and later became a pupil of Klages and established contacts with Pulver, Saudek and Crpieux-Jamin. In the controversy between followers and detractors of graphology in the group of supporters Rafaeli and Klimoski hypothesized in graphology even a tool for prediction of success or not in the workplace [104]. However, the limitation of this study would lie in the lack of statistical significance between the coefficients of correlation as the results do not justify a statistical inference to the general population. The Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon devoted himself to the study of graphic signs cataloging and tracking down characteristic meanings of personality on empirical basis. It was invented in the eighteenth century, gained traction in the 19th when psychology was born, and took off in the early twentieth century, along with notions of the individual self, which coincided with fears about the individual in an age of . have started from the hypothesis that depressed patients drew and wrote much more slowly than the control groups as already shown by other studies, and examined 37 depressed patients and 37 healthy individuals [59]. There is a clear consensus regarding its functional role in writing that some researchers positing that Exners area act as an interface between orthographic or graphemic abstract representations and the generation of motor commands [89, 90]. The findings from these studies, along with those mainly provided by clinical literature examining correlations between lesions and deficits, have promoted important insights into the neurobiology of writing activities. The data emerging from the study showed significant differences for markers of depression among patients affected by depressive disorder and the control group. Moving beyond the observation that the neural substrates underlying brain structures involved in handwriting process represent an equally intriguing yet elusive concept, Platon and co-workers described studies that have managed to move toward a greater understanding of the neural system contributing to written language productions [90]. A case study of a job market myth. Yanagita M, Willcox BJ, Masaki KH, Chen R, He Q et al. Pantheon Books. Not surprisingly, as it is commonly given to observe, the graphic elements proceed along more or less parallel stages to chronological and psychological evolution of the human being finalized to a communicative act. In the rest of Europe, particularly in Germany, Ludwig Klages (1872-1956) a philosopher and a psychologist was the leading figure in the field of characterology and tried to perceive the level of fullness of life of the person from studies on handwriting. However, in some patients it was observed a number of changes not less extravagant than those produced previously. Stein Lewinson T (1997) Dynamic disturbances in the handwriting of psychotics (part ii). Treccani (2010) Dizionario Enciclopedico della Salute e della Medicina. In accordance with this correlation, the author led to further investigations that identified aspects graphometrically identifiable on character traits of extroversion or similar to some inner conflict [53]. In addition, their paper argued the activation of inferior frontal gyrus is related not only to the volume, but also to a behavioural measure of phonological processes [57]. Graphology is the study of human personality through writing. Gradually it has been possible to ascertain on how many and such fields of studies the graphological approaches have been engaged comparing them with opinions and feedbacks from the academic and scientific world. Allport GW, Vernon PE (1933) Studies in expressive movement. Segal E, Petrides M (2012) The anterior superior parietal lobule and its interactions with language and motor areas during writing. The assessment elements were concentrated on the pressure line and the spatial setting. With regard to written production the specific function of this area is playing a role in allographic processing. Some doubts have been raised about the validity of the character read from the handwriting. Watson D (1995) A dictionary of mind and body: therapies, techniques, and ideas in alternative medicine, the healing arts and psychology. Hines T (1988) Pseudoscience and the paranormal: A critical examination of the evidence. These elements are used by graphologists in handwriting assessments. In a meta-analytic review conducted by Neter and Ben-Shakhar it has been stressed the predictive value determined by the acquisition of informative, autobiographical and content data in comparison with a pure handwriting analysis that overlooks the evaluation of the content of the text [106]. The Healthy Arts and Psychology had put the graphology close to future-logy [117]. In Italy, the founder of graphology in Ancona, is considered the Father Girolamo Moretti (1879-1963), who wrote under the pseudonym of Umberto Koch, the manual of graphology and the first of many editions of the Treaty of graphology which is still now used. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. Lowis and Mooney examined whether specific components of the writing of a sample of 100 students could connect to the personality traits and the success that they obtained in written examinations [107]. Bruchon Schweitzer M, Ferrieux D (1991) Une enquete sur le recruitement en France. These essentially consist of ambiguous stimuli, with no formal and precise structure which allows the person wide margin of representation. The author insisted on the prerequisites of the experience, training and observation in the use of tools of graphology, not separated even by good psychological skills. Roman KG (1952) Handwriting, a key to personality. De Vecchi. investigated the specific neuroanatomical correlates of written language production in children [57]. Brewer J (1985) Graphology: pen and paper diagnosis. Cambridge University Press 205-232. A significant correlation was found between the graphological evidence of a will and neuropsychological assessment scales used as the Mini Mental State Examination and the Milan Overall Dementia Assessment scale. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. The medical dictionary defines graphology as a technique of personality investigation that assigns to the manual handwriting a revelatory significance of the writer attitudes and behaviours [1]. contact@sciencerepository.org Unlike Freud, in the deepest dimension of the Personal Unconscious Jung intercepted a Collective Unconscious, a great repository of mnemonic traces deriving from mans ancestral past; it is the psychic residue of the emotional development of man accumulated following the repeated experiences of many generations, its contents are linked to human experiences intimately connected with the biological structure of the brain and inheritably transmitted. Nevo B (1989) Validation of Graphology through use of a Matching Method Based on Ranking. De Rosa AG, Pacini A, Scaroni E, Riccardo F, Nardi L et al. However there has been an upswing in the number of functional neuroimaging investigations in this field. Lowis MJ, Mooney S (2001) Examination Performance and Graphological Analysis of Students Handwriting. Trends in prevalence and incidence of graphology could provide important information about the development of this discipline over the time and in different countries across the world. graphology. Finally, future research regarding the neural substrates of handwriting are needed in order to highlight critical questions concerning the neural bases of written language productions that still need to be addressed. (2009) The graphemic/motor frontal area Exners area revisited. The writing is, of course, less qualified, less elaborate, but to the skilled eye is exactly the same and shows the same characteristics, the same details and the same trends of the person that has been object of specific interest and expertise from graphology [101]. Completely disagree with Frank, Driver et al. Through writing, valuable and uncontaminated information can be captured about the intelligence, emotions and lifestyles of an individual. Pap Present to 7th Br Symp Graphol Oxford. Sappington J, Money M (2003) Sex, Gender Role, Attribution of Pathology, and Handwriting Tidiness. Dazzi C, Pedrabissi L (2009) Graphology and Personality: An Empirical Study on Validity of Handwriting Analysis. They found that the semantic associations between the words used to describe personality traits were the source of the perceived correlation that might motivate the use of graphology in the face of evidence against its validity. Results in this study showed that brain activity predominantly correlated with the right hemisphere indicating a greater neural efficiency positively modulated in the right hemisphere [57]. It began in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte MIchon, and it is still popular in Europe, especially France. Graphology is the analysis of human personality through handwriting. (2007) Graphology for the diagnosis of suicide attempts: a blind proof of principle controlled study. Ward M (1985) Graphology Enhances education, part 1.10. AN INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHOLOGY: DEFINITION, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS miscelnea: a journal of english and american studies 51 (2015): pp. The act of writing is a complex cognitive process as it is based on complicated sensory, motor and perceptual functions. London. This is the first reflection which aims to delineate clearly the identity of graphology, facing with critical rigor the epistemic contradictions and doubts related to this discipline to outline horizons in which systematizing its contribution. Jaspers K (1997) General psychopathology. Learn more. denounced in graphology a poor reliability on the assessment of personality traits and the prediction of achievement success in the workplace [105]. In 1985 the graphologist had been employed in the field of human resources in different countries [26, 27]. It is not easy to determine the prevalence of the use of graphology in personnel selection [24, 28]. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. Outcomes demonstrated that individuals affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder manifested significant motor impairments [65]. Instrumental analysis highlighted specifically a dysfunction of the basal ganglia and/or reduced activity of the sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area as a possible substrate for hand-motor disorders in depression. It can be used to identify the writer of a document, to analyze their personality, and to detect forgeries. Several centuries later, in Greece, philosophers like Aristotle and Dionysius of Halicarnassus devoted attention to the meaning of the scriptures. The concept of archetype is configured for Jung as something very similar to instinct: a preformed disposition to react to certain stimuli would structure more than acting, the unconscious imagining through the use of perception, of conscious imagination and from the Personal Unconscious thus giving rise to the symbolic images of the dream or to each psychic state where the control of consciousness has failed [11]. Rorschach, H (1921) Psychodiagnostik. The results were in agreement with the increasing evidence that alterations of movement are a key feature of the risk of psychosis and that appear to be associated with a dysregulation of the dopaminergic fronto-striatal system since the literature reports that patients with Parkinsons disease treated with dopamine agonists displayed a higher frequency of displacing movements of the pen and patients who suffer from schizophrenia not treated with neuroleptics showed abnormalities of movement [61-64]. The connotations of projective tests are according to Frank, therefore, linked to the lack of a structured stimulus, the wide range of response options [18]. For graphologists the handwriting is one of those non-verbal forms of expression that underlie mental mechanisms a more or less conscious to the individual. Correlations with Measures of Perception, Cognitive Function, and Personality. Ben Shakhar G (1989) Non-conventional methods in personnel selection. Carl Gustav Jung (1985) Lio e linconscio. Blinkhorn SF (1993) The writing is on the wall. Blinkhorn interrogated himself about the reasons for which the calligraphy and character should be connected as it is easy to show conferring to the handwriting to the appearance of a pure and simple peripheral motor habit [102]. Panton and co-workers provide a quantitative review and synthesis of findings from functional neuroimaging studies [90]. Sharma JM BV (1985) Graphology: what handwriting can tell you about an Applicant. In contrast, Ben-Shakhar et al. Graphology is the study of handwriting and handprints. Grafton ST, Fadiga L, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G (1997) Premotor Cortex Activation during Observation and Naming of Familiar Tools. Nevo B (1988) Yes, Graphology Can Predict Occupational Success: Rejoinder to Ben-Shakhar, et al. Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2013) The handwriting brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. Astrm et al. Lindeman M (1998) Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience. New York Holt, Rinehart Winst. Graphology Definition And Examples. Nikolaou I, Judge TA (2007) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Techniques in Greece: The role of core self-evaluations. in: Calvert GA, Spence C be Stein (Eds.). Rassegna di Neuropsichiatria. In particular, it is interesting to quote the views of authors such as Dazzi and Pedrabissi attributing the graphology a title in evaluating the authenticity or otherwise of a writing; in their view it would seem likely recognize the writing of his own hand by a human being in the nature of a fingerprint that allows to operate checks and calligraphic examination in the protocols used in forensics such as wills, documents written by the hand of a person and referring to that person [24]. Useful supplement to improve the results of the survey were information about age, gender and the cultural level of the writer. In terms of micromovement, handwriting is described as a succession and combination of muscular elements, perceptual and motor hand-related, which apparently could be automated, as in handwriting it has been integrated sensory functions, such as cognitive and proprioceptive to be seen as a complex process [57, 58]. definition of GRAPHOLOGY (Psychology Dictionary) GRAPHOLOGY By N., Sam M.S. Allport counted handwriting analysis between projective techniques [19]. Dynamic disturbances in the handwriting of psychotics (part I). The intent of the present paper was to establish an initial approach to the discipline and to the points of view of graphology through the research of the state of the art over time, starting from its beginnings. From the neural perspective, Gimenez et al. After a long pause during the Middle Ages, graphological studies seemed to percolate since the seventeenth century, in particular in Bologna, a professor of logic and metaphysics, Camillo Baldi reported currently valid empirical and scientific observations, in the treatise entitled How from a missive letter, one may know the nature and qualities of the writer. Bern. - 6 the term used to describe the analysis of a person's handwriting as a means of inferring stable personality characteristics or their psychological state. Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Mergl R, Juckel G, Rihl J, Henkel V, Karner M et al. Graphology is an auxiliary technique of psychology, medicine and justice, among others. Graphologists use their skills to analyse the genetic characteristics of a person as well as their behaviour, traits and thought patterns. Bawdon F (1993) A handy way to select employees (graphology could help law finns choose staff). The handwriting analysis is characterized as a valuable tool for the dental treatment of so-called difficult patients. They pointed out twelve cortical and subcortical functional regions associated at different degrees with writing precesses. Bollati Boringhieri. Graphology, or handwriting analysis, is the allegedly scientific practice of determining people's psychological, social, occupational and medical attributes, as well their moral stature, from the configuration of their letters, lines, and paragraphs on a page. Handb multisensory Process Cambridge, Mass MIT Press. Graphology, handwriting, psychology, neurosciences, biology. In immersing ourselves in the universe of graphology we became increasingly aware of how much work and dedication has been done. The four fundamental functions described by Jung regarding to the orientation of man in reality represented psychologic typologies detectable by handwriting analysis; the rational ones that include thought and feeling play an antagonistic action between them, the irrational ones are constituted by sensation and intuition, also like the other they are opposed and alternative [9]. Renna Nezos, director of the British Academy of Graphology and of the London College of Graphology, is a pioneer and bases his analysis of the handwriting on well-structured research methods. psychology. Graphology is defined as "The art that expects to find out, due to the characteristics of letters, some of the psychological traits of the writer". The areas of application and use of graphology interested in psychology, education, medicine, forensic context, couple, career guidance, personnel selection [20-23]. investigated the use of handwriting in the study of motor abnormalities in patients suffering from bipolar or psychotic disorders. Bertolino M, Steiner DD (2007) Fairness Reactions to Selection Methods: An Italian study. This point of view was regarded with some favour by important psychologists such as Gordon Allport and Philip E. Vernon that refer to it in the Treaty Studies in Expressive Movement [39]. Neter E, Ben Shakhar G (1989) The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach. Fundamental element in the handwriting is the rhythm as an expression of the vital level; every graphological school recognizes in the rhythm a strongly indicative element of personality. Objective tools for measuring were represented by ruler and protractor to calculate tilt, height and size; regularity, harmony and continuity were a variety of means complementary to the survey. psychology, scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. Fluckinger, Fritz A, Tripp, Clarence A, Weinberg GH (1961) A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960. Eleonora Gaetani However, in our opinion seems trite and simplistic to attribute to graphology coarse inferences that link the size of the letters in the handwriting to a way to think big or not, or that the distance between the written words can defined exclusively and separately the dimension of writer proxemic attitude towards the other characterizing as well as distanced/detached or near/intrusive [54]. In 1991, a study conducted with the same intent did not seem to get anything of significant in the use of graphology on the evaluation of the aspects of personality [102]. Dean DJ, Teulings HL, Caligiuri M, Mittal VA (2013) Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic nave adolescents at high risk for psychosis. Max Pulver (1890-1953), in Switzerland, regarded carefully the investigation and the meaning of the symbolism in the handwriting conceiving an issue important and widespread in graphology throughout the world; in particular he noticed a certain importance in the three spatial dimensions of the graphic traces: vertically, horizontally and in depth, reporting the action of writing in human beings to something similar to a unaware design as asserted in The symbolism of handwriting: the man who writes unconsciously draws its inner nature, the conscious writing is a unconscious drawing, sign and portrait of oneself [6]. Even Confucius, in the year 500 A. D. made reference to the action of writing as moved by the spirit of man in the same way in which a reed sways in the wind. Graphology: Definition, Explanation, Purpose & Examples English Graphology Graphology Graphology 5 Paragraph Essay A Hook for an Essay APA Body Paragraph Context Essay Outline Evidence Harvard Hedging Language Used in Academic Writing MHRA Referencing MLA Opinion Opinion vs Fact Plagiarism Quotations Restate Summarize Summary Works Cited It reveals how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE, Adler CH (1997) Parkinsonism Reduces Coordination of Fingers, Wrist, and Arm in Fine Motor Control. Michon founded the first school of graphology and a journal La Graphologie that continues today to be published. Basic Measures. Graphology is a technique that allows us to become knowledgeable of ourselves and also explore those who surround us. . Grace et al. In a study related to school success, Oosthuizen investigated a sample of 50 university students who underwent a handwriting analysis and a personality assessment questionnaire [113]. (2014) Neuroimaging correlates of handwriting quality as children learn to read and write. In the period of Imperial Rome, Suetonius believed that to understand the character of Augustus it would have been useful to get information from the study of his handwriting. Lindeman reflecting on the reasons why people believe in pseudoscience had already compared astrology and graphology for the reason that both turn to aspects related to personality, generic and easily attributable to extensive ranges of psychological types in their generality [118]. The researchers devoted themselves to the study of subjects who had suffered from physical and psychological stress showed the General Health Questionnaire. Furnham A (2000) The Perceived Efficacy of Various "Future-ologies" and Complementary Medicine. This area is usually referred to Exners area that is located within a small area along the lateral convexity of the left frontal lobe and it is identified as a major writing center [90, 93]. Graumann considered the use of the graphological tool in monitoring conducted on the progress of psychotherapy about the possibility of a developmental progression of personality in the course of treatment. Gawda B (2013) Little evidence for the graphical markers of depression. Dedalo. n. the study of the physical characteristics of handwriting, particularly as a means of inferring the writer's psychological state or personality characteristics. The author mentions terms such as graphotherapy and palmistry named in the book of Watson. Graphology. assessment center zur identifizierung von. found an activation of neurons of the parietal cortex around the left superior parietal area which is part of the writing centers as reported by Sugihara et al. We have therefore proceeded to recognize, in the scientific sphere, the terms and definitions that have, with time, increasingly outlined its status. The results showed an acceptable level of correspondence and reliability of the graphological instruments such as to constitute an additional element in decision making in psychiatry and internal medicine. Handwriting for graphology was and is still regarded as an expression of projective aspects of the self of the person in the same way psychology uses projective techniques. The interpretation of handwriting. Rosenblum S, Werner P, Dekel T, Gurevitz I, Heinik J (2010) Handwriting process variables among elderly people with mild Major Depressive Disorder: a preliminary study. Harel S, Holtzman M, Jurgenson U, Reider I, Feinsod M (1985) Cerebellar astrocytoma presenting as deterioration of handwriting in a child. Geoffrey A Dean (1987) Does Astrology Need to Be True? conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. However, the rules and definition are derived based on the discussions and views of the people of a Graphological Institute in . Additionally, these anatomical findings corroborate findings in functional neuroimaging studies illustrated by Panton and colleagues that conceptualized a positive correlation between inferior frontal gyrus and handwriting [90]. Marianna Mazza, Regional Office Americas: (2004) Kinematical analysis of handwriting movements in depressed patients. Like drawing, writing according to the techniques of graphological investigations illustrates a unique and unrepeatable way in every human being that is expressed more and more in the course of life in a spontaneous manner and through which the unconscious connotations of the human soul are projected. The term derives etymologically from the Greek, consisting of the word graph meaning to write and logos signifying word, study, therefore graphology is the study of writing. In 2013, Gawda hypothesized to verify specific signs in handwriting referable to a major depressive disorder in a group of 30 patients who received this diagnosis compared to a control group of 60 healthy individuals and another group of 60 persons suffering from a bipolar disorder of which 30 in the depressive phase and other 30 in that manic phase [47]. In 2014, Kao and colleagues referring in the last three decades to the psychogeometric theory of Chinese character have focused systematically in a study of mental processes and the body resorting to the use of the method of writing Chinese calligraphy [69]. To judge the validity of a disputed will is complex; however, a major problem is to estimate the state of the mental faculties of the testator at the time of the intentions expressed. Ben-Shakhar et al. Bradley N (1985) How hypothesis testing can help graphology. In psychosexual development, the passages are described by Freud as critical moments that do not always travel naturally towards each other to the arrival of conflicting conditions or, to use a term introduced by him, for not overcoming the complex or the trauma or of the shock occurred. Sakurai Y, Onuma Y, Nakazawa G, Ugawa Y, Momose T et al. In the context of science education and training Ward described a system of graphotherapy applied to primary school children who experienced issues of an emotional-behavioural or assisted-learning by the intervention in the classroom of teachers trained [21]. So, unlike psychology, which is "the science concerned with the mind and mental processes," Webster's does not regard graphology to be a "science." What, then, is Webster's definition of a "science"? Salvatore Mazza The Collective Unconscious for Jung is universal, contains mythological, fantastic images, customs, traditions of past and present peoples. Responsibilities of Editor and Editorial Board. Graphology is based on the premise that writing is a form of expressive behavior, although there is little empirical evidence for its validity. The study adopted foregrounding as a . Therefore, writing is a process that requires the integration of visual, proprioceptive (kinesthetic and haptic) and tactile functions for it to be completed [58]. The concept was invented by the French, he notes, and to become a graphologist, you typically have to study for around five to seven years. ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. Domain specific cognitive impairments following focal damage in frontal cortex. It is the use of a soft-edge brush to play as a form of art, special Chinese characters on the moves of the great masters. In our opinion, same subjects can be assessed from the point of view of their handwriting productions at different times, which refer to different conditions. Pulver is considered one of the most important exponents of the science of graphology and spatial symbolism, even now an integral element of the evaluation system of handwriting. However, in the evolutionary process of the person, handwriting also leads progressively to a maturation modulating and modeling itself over time. On the extreme side of depression, in cases of anti-conservative gestures, Mouly et al.
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