The traditional dualistic view later clashed with the monist organic view of style of the new critics. Style also varies from one period to another. 2. While literary stylistics in this light is concerned with the use of linguistic techniques and dwelling heavily on external correlates (history, philosophy, source of inspiration, etc) as well as occasional leap into the elements of language used to interpret a text, the linguistic stylistics is about engaging in stylistic analysis in order to test or define a linguistic model which in turn will contribute to the formation of linguistic theory; the latter also relies heavily on the scientific rules of language in its analysis. For them, the underlying thought can never be separated from its final verbal form and that the only means of reading the writers mind is the completed text, which is a product of the synthesis of thought and style. endobj Introduction . 2. The use of the word may be unfamiliar. The study adopted Foregrounding and Multimodality as theoretical frameworks to the stylistic interpretations of the poetry of this author. Why don't we use the 7805 for car phone chargers? Graphology, however, is an essential part of the description of any written language. The collocation range of this word enfolds almost every sphere of human activity. What positional accuracy (ie, arc seconds) is necessary to view Saturn, Uranus, beyond? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In other words, graphology is to written language what phonology is to spoken language. This bond is harnessed given the qualities that they share. It involves 2.4 Review of Related Literature. The the study of text language and For her, graphology or graphemics is the study of graphemes and any other element related to the written medium, and of the linguistic system that is manifested through these: The study of such units [graphemes] in a language is called graphemics or graphology. Our choice of words is however unique. Two MacBook Pro with same model number (A1286) but different year. (Regional dialect), Which social class does the person belong to? Toolan (1998) defines it as the study of the language in literature. intended meanings and foreshadowing Spatial deixis: They are used to point location. Stylistic features like graphology, syntax, lexis and semantics are looked into. Related literatures like (Isidore, 2010, Chatman, 1967, Van Peer, 1980 etc) have revealed the fact that researchers attempt to explore at a stretch, all these levels of analysis in a text, thereby heralding some deficiencies in the individual linguistic levels. Tatengkengs Kuncup are good example for. At different instances, most attempts at studying this author are based on journal articles, the example of Rome Abohs Proverbs and Euphemisms as Discourse Strategies in Joe Ushie's Poetry. Hence stylistics comes to create a mutual relationship between language and literature so as to be competent in both of them. Literary work is the field par excellence of stylistics. contrasts of stress, and phoneme According to (Eva, 2015), the scale is organized from the more rudimentary elements the letterforms that punctuate the blank space in a page to the more complex ones the creation of a book as a complete unit of punctuation. The analysis is made under the aspects of phonological, morphological, graphological, and lexicosyntactic levels. CHAPTER THREE: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS. phonological devices are alliteration, 2.1.6.3 Graphological Level That is an act of bringing This research project intends to carry out a stylistic investigation of selected Christopher Okigbos Socio-political Poems. Detailed evidence of the morphological level will be sought in the selected bank adverts viz-a-viz their stylistic functional relevance. The second problem formulation is answered by linking up the finding in language features to get the meaning of the poems. This level is seen as the study of language patterns in print. (1964) were crucial for the expansion of the concept in linguistics and stylistics, they still failed to clarify the elements to be analyzed within this category. The graphological style of the author is featured What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? However, the specific purpose of the study includes: 1) To identify the patterns of graphology found in Ushies poetry? It views graphology as the inference of character from a persons handwriting. On this note therefore, it becomes problematic demarcating literature from language and vice versa as students are made to specialize in either of them. Available literatures in the field of stylistics reveal the fact that traditionally, stylistics is concerned with the study of style in language. Graphology offers the reader a solid impression by communicating the exact mind of the writer. -Compounding, are some expressions that cannot be GRAPHOLOGICAL LEVELGraphology deals with the features that adorn pattern of writing which creates or produces an outstanding linguistic effect to the study of how writers pattern particularly prominent in stylistics and multimodality. the invisible meanings in a text. One embraces the pedagogical usefulness and potential of stylistics for teaching (the language of) literature. The evidence often used to prove the validity of graphology include its similarity to forensic handwriting analysis. resources as they are used in a given Features of province-identify user to a particular profession, occupational. This study however, postulates the following significance: Firstly, apart from questioning the existing norm of graphological analysis and contributing to knowledge in the field of stylistics, by way of modification of previous models, the knowledge of graphology embedded in this research will assist critics and stylisticians in sharpening their awareness of the stylistic patterning of language, which they will put to extensive use in literary and non-literary texts. In order to understand what practical English stylistics is, study a text and ask yourself questions like why particular features of language have been used and not others. These more than one time Ndimele (2001:15) defines stylistics as a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics to the study of literature. Recently submitted schools to Kenyayote Schools, University and College Rankings in Kenya 2023, Driving School Notes and test preparation, Style is the manner of expression in speaking and writing, Style is a set of linguistic features characterized by the language aspect of a person, Style is comparing a set of gestures with another in terms of deviation from the norm for instance, semantic rule and phonological rule, Style can also refer to literally language for instance satire, irony and sarcasm, Beware of the structure that a language has, Be aware of the kind of social variation that language features have, Must have techniques that can used to put down stylistic features in a systematic manner. This, as a matter of fact makes it rather difficult sometimes to draw a clear line between literary stylistics and linguistic stylistics. Examples The origin of style is traceable to the Latin word stilus, meaning a pointed instrument used for writing. The central question in stylistics is how a text means and language undoubtedly remains the central medium through which a writers style is revealed. There is a gap between the octave and sestet of the sonnet. reader.RANK FREQUENCY WORD Your email address will not be published. need to be distinguished and put through an analysis to find out the foregrounding and the derivation. Lastly, do you have any question about this post or something else? The study adopted foregrounding as a. (7) Stylistics: Stylistics is an independent genre of linguistics that studies the styles and peculiarities of a written or spoken text. 2.1.4.1 Linguistic Stylistics phrases a few times to make an idea clearer. Any such study that leans heavily on external correlates with none or just a smattering of attention to the rules guiding the operation of the language can be regarded as literary stylistics. It only takes a minute to sign up. rhythm, syllable which carries Like literary criticism, stylistics is interested in the message of the work, and how effectively it is delivered. In the case of this study, the device is Graphology. A Contrastive Analysis of Urdu and English deixis. [PEmnwB,:.}18ajgP9%N;4"'.a5 r nTbxkvr=H\z9{r9? This study is limited to graphological level of linguistic stylistic analysis, for two obvious reasons: firstly, the research did not consider the other levels, for avoidance of deficiency and awkwardness, having studied six poetry collections; secondly, the research is not on General Stylistics which analyses nonliterary variety of language or registers. Whilst the proposals by McIntosh (1961) and Halliday et al. Stylistics as a branch of literary criticism emerged in continental Europe in the early twentieth century. In the area of stylistics, graphological knowledge is central to the understanding and better appreciation of a literary text. The deployment of language by a writer creates a distinct style through which he/she reaches out to the audience. These features are used frequently in poetry and provide auxiliary meaning, thought and feelings to the genre of poetry. LEXIS & SEMANTICS Lexis concerns word choice; semantics concerns meaning. <> Stylistic features like graphology, syntax, lexis and semantics are looked into. Morphology to Jolayemi (2008) is the study of word-formation, in other words, the study of how morphemes (smallest units of a word) whether free or bound form words. 2.1.13 Pictography (graphical elements) Analysis in stylistics therefore involves a range of general language qualities, which include sentence patterns, structure and variety, paragraph structure, imagery, repetition, emphasis, arrangement of ideas and other cohesive devices. However, the word style in its most general sense of a way of doing things is used in multiple contexts. Secondly, it will boost their practical knowledge, whereby students are able to analyze texts with the tool they have acquired at the first stage. 3 0 obj Example of phonological devices include: alliteration, assonance, consonance and phonaesthesia. Kenyayote.com is an Education news site that is dedicated to covering the Education Industry.Copyright 2023 Kenyayote.com . Hence, a socio-stylistic study of Gabriel Bamgbose's Something Happened After the Rain is undertaken in order to reveal how the poet. -Nouns to interjections Secondly, critics also criticize a literary approach which over concentrates on textual values. The data comprises extracts of speech isolated for analysis at the level of phonology and graphology. 7.1 Conceptual Definition of Terms, Chapter Two: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In the later years, Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens (1964:50) expanded the concept of graphology to include spellings, punctuations, capitalizations, italicizations and many other graphic resources related matters in language. Does the order of validations and MAC with clear text matter? It therefore becomes the duty of a stylistician to bring about the close examination of the linguistic particularities or peculiarities of a literary work, an understanding of the anatomy and functions of the language. [] Graphemics also embraces other features associated with the written or graphic medium: punctuation; paragraphing; spacing, etc. 2.1.9 Present study categorization of graphological devices . ,their ,him, this All the rhetorical notions of style, which persisted through many succeeding centuries, hold this dualist view as against the monist one (Leech and Short, 1881, cited in Akwanya, 2006). These are regular features of his poem. The present study is in a way, an extension of the previous proposals. 1ppf*>k5#j$HU.gtNrjn|`M:qTom8bfhL*kiLW?h.k"G`@4r`j! 4.3 Data Analysis Style refers to the language conventions used to construct the authors identity and intentions. For the appreciative raptures of the impressionistic critic, stylisticians purport to substitute precise and rigorous linguistic descriptions, and to proceed from those descriptions to interpretations for which they claim a measure of objectivity. Time factor-The choice of vocabulary is highly dictated and effected by the period in which the particular text us produced. Different schools of thought worked in explaining and understanding this term, which put a large number of definitions which some of them appear to be overlapping while others seem to be contradictory. The researcher posits that Achebe uses italics for emphasis, to reflect foreign concepts or cultural beliefs as well as to create humour. It discusses how we recognize Repetition: a device that repeats the same words or Leech (1969:39) notes that graphology transcends orthography as it refers to the whole writing system. Reflections on the authors intentions, textuality, measurements of responses of readers as well as discussions about literary texts to be included in the canon formation influence approaches to the way literature is taught and the view that in learning a foreign language its literature should be read. Stylistics studies and describes the formal features of the text, that is, the levels of expression vis--vis the content, thus bringing out their functional significance for the interpretation of the work. 5.1 Summary There are numerous types of stylistic devices available, each with a distinct goal: to add interest, clarity, and visual appeal to a text. Stylistic features like graphology, syntax, lexis and semantics are looked into. This dissertation is an investigation into the poetry of Joe Ushie from the perspective of linguistics. Literary stylistics is sometimes referred to Literary Criticism. 2.3 Features of Linguistic Stylistics. The novelty of the definition offered by Wales (2001) lies in the fact that it broadens the spectrum of elements to be analyzed within the category of graphology beyond the letters of the alphabet, which is something that has not been considered until very recently. writing: contracted forms, commas, stylistics, graphological knowledge is central to the understanding and better appreciation of a. literary text. linguistic description we focus on By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Leech and Short (2007:11) see it as the linguistic study of style or the study of language as used in literary texts, with the aim of relating it to its artistic functions (13). Grammatical level includes grammar, parts of E.g. (status/social dialect), Which period of English was the text written (Time), Does the text involve speaking or writing? Given the recent relevance of pictures and images in communication, there is an attempt, currently, to integrate some graphological elements into the study of communication modes. Advertisement The focus is on the pragmatic and stylistic dimensions of speech. Three main types of style were learned: grand, middle and plain, (Enkvist (1973). Also called handwriting analysis. a study that relies heavily on the rules guiding the operation of the language in the explication of a literary text) is what we regard here as linguistic stylistics (2010:36). the features which are signaled out to (3) Graphology: Graphology is a linguistic level of text analysis that focuses on language in print. According to classical tradition, oratory is the art of discovering all possible means of persuasions. Status affects lexical and grammatical level. The inuence of these factors has been analyzed in detail by psycholinguists (Semino and Culpeper 2002; Enkvist 1985). language features to reveal the deeper meaning of the poem. In Vengeance Creditor, the researcher posits that italics are used in ironic sense. Punctuation marks - italics, - capital letters, - underlining foregrounding . "y>: jl/ This study however, postulates the following as pedagogical implications: 2.3.1 Lexical Repetition. 3) What are the pedagogical influences that can be brought to bear by graphology in understanding Ushies poetry? Keywords: Graphology, Pedagogy, Stylistics, Deviation, Foregrounding and Multimodality, Table 1 - Levenstons (1992) Model of Graphology, Table 2 - Lennards (2005) Model of Graphology, Table 3 - Present Studys Model of Graphological Categorization, Table 4 - Statistical Presentation of Selected Poems, Table 5 - Summary of Response to Research Question. The discipline has originated the popular dualist approach to style based on the dichotomy between form and content. Anaphora: when we refer back to the situation, things, To a large extent, language was then taught also using literary texts which represented a rather attractive option for some L2 learners as contemporary literature was often chosen. i&^,X_\g p})gqx 2M+s58F {K8`vs-lnz6nw07+UVruNst]uFX Y~O:h dA}}pag$V9l]\ua^;#LIp@o_;B/Op _Q3$N .Xu@}jB:;}ui!L8 3>`a%H4FR2[SrT=^:IZT?l^*68{1i 4w0UY3zDar1L `5 ]#wI'j0c-rg{ LEVELS OF STYLISTIC ANALYSIS By JULIUS PAULO ESQUIJO FLORES BSED ENGLISH 3-A 2. All Rights Reserved. This term was first brought into use in linguistic studies in the sixties by McIntosh (1961), who considered it an analogous mode to that of phonology. It is full of words having fixed meaning and certain types of structures are invariably associated with certain effects (Leech, 1969). What does graphological deviation mean in stylistics analysis? Graphology is a linguistic level of analysis that comprises the study of graphic aspects of language1. The stylistician may rely on his intuition and interpretative skills just as the literary critic, but the former tries to keep at bay, vague and impressionistic judgment Isidore, (2010:35). study of invisible 5.4 Contributions to knowledge. analysis focuses on the analyzing sound These are discussed under the following captions Graphological Features Lexical repetition, words are repeated in which synonyms or near-synonyms may be used. Read more about our Privacy and Cookie Policy. Traditional, Modern and Linguistic Concept of S Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics, Product oriented syllabus and process oriented syllsbus. I extend my gratitude to the authors whose literatures, I reviewed and referenced at the same time. What are the arguments for/against anonymous authorship of the Gospels. As a critical concept, style has been the focus of attention for centuries and has been studied from various perspectives. 2 8 Love meanings and events. He further opines that the critic should be able to draw a distinction between the two types of context: linguistic and non-linguistic context. Graphologists note suchRead More punctuation, spacing and so on. They include: linguistic stylistics; literary stylistics and literary linguistic stylistics. Amore and Sonde of Department of English, Tai Solarin University of Education, Nigeria; very sincerely, this dissertation is a testimony of your mentoringalways counting on you too, for higher heights. Many scholars have all shared their diverse views about the levels of stylistic analysis. According to what is mentioned above, it can be concluded that both subjective and objective evidences are used by the stylistician. There are different linguistic levels of analyzing a literary or non-literary text. It was first introduced into use in linguistic studies in the sixties by McIntosh in the year 1961. used afterward. This means that stylistics is a tool that can used to determine the selection of language by speakers or writers from their linguistic repertoire to create effect/achieve particular purpose. 2) To what extent are the identified patterns of graphology signifiers of meaning? 2 0 obj and morphology. Put simply, Graphology is the study of language in print. patterns of writing that distinguish the The focus of Stylistics is the text. Abdulwahab (2004) opines that it is expected of every research project to have something new to contribute to knowledge in that subject area, however small as this represents the hallmark of all research endeavours. (2015:128) study by mentioning five levels in stylistics such as phonetic level, phonological level, graphological level, grammatical level, and lexical level. Stylistics are used to determines the form of language as being used and the effects of that particular variety used, Stylistics also helps us to understand that language has several varieties which are distinctive to each other. writer's style, for example capitalization, 3 5 I. GRAMMATICAL LEVEL -Word classes or parts of speech Ask us a question or register to join a community of 235k+ members that receive latest education news. (doeniadevi.wordpress.com) Share Improve this answer Follow In this instance, certain words are foregrounded or brought to the fore to give them prominence through the use of such punctuation marks Rhyme scheme Stylistics is the science of style. For instance, a word may be meaningful to some culture while it may not to another. 4.3.2 Lambs at the Shrine (1995) 4.1 Presentation of Data Verdonk (2002), in his view, defines it as the analysis of a distinctive expression and description of its purpose and effect. Pedagogical stylistics emphasizes that the process of improving students linguistic sensibilities must include greater emphasis upon the text as action; that is, upon the mental processing which is such as proactive part of reading and interpretation; and how all of these elements pragmatic and cognitive as well as linguistic function within quite specific social and cultural contexts. Behbood (2015) emphasizes that pedagogical stylistics examines the language of literature in both sentence level and the whole texts to encourage students develop their awareness of the connection between language and literature. English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. This level of analysis involves both syntax and morphology. Ehrlich, (1990) informs us that the tradition at the inception of the evolution of modern linguistics was for analysts to confine the analysis of a text to the sentence domain of which was, then, regarded as the largest unit with an inherent structure. It can be used to derive stylistic effect in an advertisement. As a result of this, Levenston (1992) further solicits more attention for graphological elements and though his book is of less theoretical density (Eva, 2015), it became vital since it appeared the only comprehensive approach to the role of graphology in literature. However, this research focuses on written forms. The first is the analysis of a literary text via a linguistic means. To make a judgment about something, we need different evidences. 2.1.5 Between Stylistic Analysis and Literary Criticism: A Conceptual Separation Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic What is Style and Stylistics? The poetry of Joe Ushie however, is characterized by these features and these inform the desire of this study. word/s According to The features are usually restricted to certain kinds of social context so as to explain why certain features are used as opposed to other alternatives (Crystal and Davy 1985). Linguistic context refers to the surrounding features of language inside a text, like the typography, sounds, words, phrases, and sentences, which are relevant to the interpretation of other such linguistic elements. (Wikipedia), is the deviation in which poets disregard the rules of writing. The result reveals the use of phono-graphological features to indicate contrastive stress and focus information.
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