1984 Ghanaian and Coptic Brass Lamps. of the 19th century setting, as well as shade for picnickers. You decide. Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, In classic cult archaeology style, Cyrus Thomas (1894) is denigrated by these writers for stating that the bracelets were made of copper, when in fact they are actually brass. reply by JHM BAR Nov./Dec. Used by permission. They were typically formed by bending sections of relatively heavy brass wire into a "C" shape. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol 3., edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. In: F.W. 1903 The Indians of North America in Historic Times (published as Volume 2 of The History of North America). be abandoned. was obtained on fragments of preserved wood that were recovered during the removal of the burial with which the inscribed stone was allegedly associated (McCulloch 1988). Above the vault, an intrusive Historic burial containing 2 brass (probably silver plated) trade brooches, a metal button, and fragments of preserved buckskin were encountered. Per Timothy E. Baumann, Curator of Archaeology, McClung Museum. John Emmert excavated Bat Creek Mound 3, doing so "alone and in isolation". The brass used to form the bracelets from Bat Creek contains 66.5 - 68.2 percent copper and 26.5 - 27.5 percent zinc. 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. 46-53 ff. [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". The Indian Tribes of North America. It is wise therefore to refrain from basing theories on one or two specimens of an unusual or abnormal type, unless their claim to a place among genuine prehistoric relics can be established beyond dispute. SATANIC MEDIA EXPOSED, Uvalde TX Shooting LIES! (1747-1826), known also as Iolo Morgannwg. [7] The forced removal of Native peoples from their land and the severing of Native people from their heritage was partially enacted by "destroying indigenous pyramid mounds" and "The creation of the Myth of the Mounds". this affinity until it was pointed out by Mertz, Ayoob and This ratio of copper to zinc is from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision [15][1] McCulloch mostly agreed with Gordon's assessment of the stone as Ancient Hebrew, and expressed, "My own conviction is that the Bat Creek inscription is a rustic, and therefore imperfect, specimen of paleo-Hebrew". Had the Bat Creek stone been regarded as an authentic artifact by contemporary researchers, there should be numerous references to the object. This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. 87-93. Rebuilding it would require only about 38 cubic yards of those by Robt. 12/28/05. also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic recreational area on the shore of approximate site, possibly making a complete loop even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to American Anthropologist 5:63-64. Since the above was written, Wilson et al. Although now, "the mounds of North America have been proven to be constructions by Native American peoples for a variety of purposes" at the start of the nineteenth century, there was genuine confusion about who built the mounds. the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between 1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. Bat Creek Mound #3, with the inscription East Lansing. Biblical Archaeologist 42:137-140. In 1964, Chicago patent attorney Henriette Mertz and Hebrew linguistics expert Dr. Cyrus Gordon identified the writing as a form of ancient Paleo-Hebrew Judean. They discovered that the stone had been published by the Smithsonian upside down and that it was legible Hebrew, once the stone was rotated 180 degrees. orientation, and although several of the letters are not perfect as Paleo-Hebrew, Washington. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. Gordon (1971, 1972) later identified sign viii as "aleph," but did not mention it in a subsequent discussion of the Bat Creek stone (Gordon 1974). 1 (Jan./Feb. Up Bat Creek (Without a Paddle): Mormon Assessment of the Bat Creek Stone. Any errors of interpretation or omission are the sole responsibility of the authors. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Tellico Archaeological Project, conducted by the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology investigated over two dozen sites and uncovered evidence of substantial habitation in the valley during the Archaic (80001000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC 1000 AD), Mississippian (900-1600 AD), and Cherokee (c. 16001838) periods. 1890 Historic and Prehistoric Relics. abilities per se. (sic) in the Mertz/Gordon orientation, Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series, Vol. A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in American Antiquity," Jones 2004) that Coelbren itself General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry (1870). Before exploring this issue, we will state that we have no unequivocal data to present. photograph of a bulla (seal impression) that was recently excavated Williams, Stephen 133, pp. Robert Clarke, Cincinnati. We present below an assessment of the individual signs on the stone. [5], Today, the probable source used by the forger to create the inscription has been identified, yet the question of who made the tablet and why remains unanswered. 3-548. 1910 Cyrus Thomas Obituary. word as a qoph. Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. Shetrone, Henry C. Gordon, Cyrus, "The Bat Creek Inscription," in C.H. The largest of these, Mound 1, was located on the east side of the creek. coinscript letters to transcribe We believe that Emmert's motive for producing (or causing to have made) the Bat Creek inscription was that he felt the best way to insure permanent employment with the Mound Survey was to find an outstanding artifact, and how better to impress Cyrus Thomas than to "find" an object that would prove Thomas' hypothesis that the Cherokee built most of the mounds in eastern Tennessee? Gordon, pp. prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. That Emmert read this journal, much less had a research note published in it, indicates that he was a rather learned individual. 1993, p. 46. 5th Annual Report - authors) and I certainly agree with you that the Cherokees were Mound Builders, in fact there is not a doubt in my mind about it.". 1-33. Gordon claimed that by inverting the orientation of the stone relative to the published illustrations (i.e., Thomas 1890, 1894), it was clear that the inscription contained Paleo-Hebrew characters that could be translated as "for the Jews" or some variant thereof. LYHW- on both the Yehucal bulla and the Masonic illustration A calibrated date of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (1605 170 B.P.) Smithsonian Institution, Bureauof American Ethnology, Bulletin No. sign iv) or he_ (cf. Washington. 1938 An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. 1974 A History of American Archaeology. Jefferson Chapman, Director of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, generously provided copies of unpublished reports and correspondence by and pertaining to John Emmert. While it is true that Roman period brasses had a similar metallurgical content (cf. Judah or Yehud (YHWD in the excavation was made there was an old rotten stump yet on Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. there are no signs of the two vertical strokes that now are present in the upper left corner. In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. Institution, 1890-91 (Washington, GPO, 1894), pp. Ezekiel 44:15 "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Two additional parallel lines near the widest part of the stone do not appear on the original Smithsonian Institution illustration (Thomas 1894:394) and seem to have been produced by a recent researcher testing the depth of the patina. The In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). Another of Hebrew scholar and archaeologist In the newspaper article (our version is taken from the Nashville Tennessean, 19 October 1970, pp. Likewise, the presence of this string on Mound 2 had a diameter of 44 feet (13m) and height of 10 feet (3.0m), and Mound 3 had a diameter of 28 feet (8.5m) and height of 5 feet (1.5m). Washington. The sign is quite similar to the Cherokee "ga" regardless of the orientation of the stone. It does not, Much of the commentary below dealing with resemblances of signs to Paleo-Hebrew is quoted from his reply to our inquiry; the authors alone are responsible for all comments pertaining to Cherokee similarities, i: Although identified by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974) as "daleth", this sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100, based on shape and stance. [15] And Professor in Biblical Studies and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Kyle McCarter expresses, "the Bat Creek stone has no place in the inventory of Hebrew inscriptions from the time of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome" and "belongs to the melodrama of American archaeology in the late 19th century". Masonic word ends with a second he, which makes it "for Yahweh" [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. Concluding Remarks Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. [1], The stone itself is 11.4 centimeters (4.5 inches) long and 5.1 centimeters (2.0 inches) wide. 3, Such findings may finally provide precedent to re-examine the Newark Holy Stones which also bear ancient Hebrew inscriptions and were recovered from a Hopewell burial mound near Newark Ohio. Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . 1982. is the modern invention of Edward Williams The Bat Creek stone is a relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide. 172-173) that are in all probability brass (cf. Pre-Mississippian artifacts dating to the Archaic and Woodland periods were also found. [14][1] Gordon concluded that Thomas had been viewing the inscription "upside down", and when re-read in its proper orientation, the inscription represented "ancient Hebrew". as in English or modern Hebrew. You decide.All images of Arnold Murray are from \"The Translation\" which is the property of Shepherd's Chapel in Gravette, Arkansas (I think). Freeman, San Francisco. 1974 Riddles in History. cases. In this paper we have addressed three key issues surrounding the Bat Creek stone and its interpretation. The same is true of the circular burial areas paved with rock and enclosed within stone slab walls which he found in McGhee Mound, in the Call away Mound No. The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. After examining the stones inscribed grooves and outer weathering rind using standard and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and researching the historical documentation, the team of Scott Wolter and Richard Stehly of American Petrographic Services conclude that the inscription is consistent with many hundreds of years of weathering in a wet earth mound comprised of soil and hard red clayand that the stonecan be no younger than when the bodies of the deceased were buried inside the mound. This was an undisputed Hopewell burial mound, and therefore the Hebrew inscribed artifact falls within the time frames of the Book of Mormon in the heartland of America. An extensive review of roughly contemporary and later professional literature contradicts this assertion. 1973 Bristol Brass: A History of the Industry. Moreover, Cyrus Thomas, director of the Mound Survey, claimed that the marks on the stone represented characters of the Cherokee syllabary and used the Bat Creek stone to support his hypothesis that the Cherokee were responsible for many of the mounds and embankments in eastern North America (Thomas 1890). Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. Robert Stieglitz (1976) confirmed Gordon's reading of the
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