Florida Reef Resilience Programs Disturbance Response Monitoring 20052020. Theres a role for you, too. All rights reserved. Coral bleaching has a variety of causes. Write one sentence about what you see next to each arrow. Image source: Calypso Reef Tours / Flickr. A second mass bleaching in 2017 meant the coral could not recover.. The database however has good spatial coverage with coral bleaching data for 14,405 sites in 93 countries (Fig. Login. Keywords: Data Nuggets, inquiry, quantitative literacy, differentiated instruction, biology, ecology, evolution 2015 by National Association of Biology Teachers. Coordinate points were removed if: (i) they were erroneous (i.e., a coordinate point was negative when it should be positive), (ii) they occurred on land, or (iii) they were >1km from a coral reef. The symbionts photosynthesize and translocate photosynthates to the coral animals, and in return corals produce organic wastes upon which the symbionts thrive2. Melky hopes to teach East Timorese people the value of their oceans. 5 October 2021 Climate and Environment Between 2009 and 2018, the continuous rise in sea temperature cost the world 14 per cent of its coral reefs - that's more than the size of Australia's. 97, 4155 (2007). Coral bleaching is a coral's response to stressful conditions and can result in its death. S1: Reef Check breaks down transects into four 20m5m segments, percent bleaching from segment one of transect. A global coral-bleaching database, 19802020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01121-y. Ocean_Name: the ocean in which the sampling took place. 1, 119 (2015). A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. These growth bands also allow scientists to date coral samples to an exact year and season. The maximum SSTA Frequency in degrees Celsius over the entire time period. SSTA: CoRTAD. Unit includes five activities. Sci Data 9, 20 (2022). Relevant_Papers_ID: relevant papers ID field from Relevant_Papers_tbl. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Without them, we must rely on manmade seawalls that are expensive, less effective, and environmentally damaging to construct. Items will update when they are liked. in the two tanks? Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Cacciapaglia, C. & van Woesik, R. Reduced carbon emissions and fishing pressure are both necessary for equatorial coral reefs to keep up with rising seas. Corals also play host to thousands of tiny organisms calledzooxanthellae, individuals that live within each coral cell. Last updated: 01/20/23 If temperatures remain above the bleaching threshold, zooxanthellae will be lost for substantial periods of time. Increased greenhouse gases from human activities result in climate change and ocean acidification. These, and historical records show that the past two decades have been the warmest since these records began in 1870. With climate change, high seawater temperatures are expected to lead to more frequent bleaching episodes and possibly more disease outbreaks. When coral bleaching was occurred, there was a significant reduction in Symbiodinium density [ 17 ] and photosynthetic pigments within Symbiodinium cells [ 11 . Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. 38, 345355 (1999). These sea surface temperature (SST) databases included in situ . Interpret the data: Temperature_ Kelvin: CoRTAD. The world's ocean is a massive sink that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2). How were the two tanks different. CNN Warming waters from escalating climate change have caused coral bleaching in 91% of reefs surveyed along the Great Barrier Reef this year, according to new findings from an. 43, 112 (2020). Causes of coral bleaching Coral bleaching is the ghostly face of climate change. Were working to stop deforestation; help businesses, consumers, and cities transition to renewable energy; and guide governments toward climate-smart policies. How can scientists learn about climate from these beautiful and essential underwater ecosystems? S2: Reef Check breaks down transects into four 20m5m segments, point data from segment two of transect. They are actually simple multicellular animals that are related to anemones and jellyfish. The mean TSA frequency in degrees Celsius over the entire time period of 40 years. We author hundreds of books, assessments, reports, briefs and research papers every year. Anyone relying on these animals as a primary source of income or protein will be in trouble. We acquired these data from mid-2002 through to December 2017 (https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS-Aqua/Mapped/Monthly/4km/Kd_490/). Finally, reef tourism brings in billions of dollars each year and supports thousands of jobs. R. Core Team. The maximum TSA DHW in degrees Celsius over the entire time period of 40years. The standard deviation of TSA DHW in degrees Celsius over the entire time period of 40 years. Since 1979, there have been dozens of reports of coral bleaching associated with elevated . Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Ecol. van Woesik, R. & Kratochwill, C. A global coral-bleaching database, 19982020. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades, A meta-analysis to assess long-term spatiotemporal changes of benthic coral and macroalgae cover in the Mexican Caribbean, Resilience of Central Pacific reefs subject to frequent heat stress and human disturbance, Global coral reef ecosystems exhibit declining calcification and increasing primary productivity, Repeat bleaching of a central Pacific coral reef over the past six decades (19602016), Vulnerability to collapse of coral reef ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean, Benthic composition changes on coral reefs at global scales, Long-term impacts of rising sea temperature and sea level on shallow water coral communities over a ~40 year period, Water quality mediates resilience on the Great Barrier Reef, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16958353, https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS-Aqua/Mapped/Monthly/4km/Kd_490/, www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/index.php?name=ibtracs-data, http:www.agrra.org/data-explorer/explore-summary-products/, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5314466, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, Marine protected areas donot buffer corals from bleaching under global warming. A site can have multiple sampling events (i.e., multiple depths and/or multiple dates sampled), and these temporal events are stored separately in the Table Sample_Event_tbl. The extent and severity of coral bleaching events have increased over the last decade. An official website of the United States government. Each polyp sits in its skeleton cup, and has a central mouth surrounded by tentacles with stinging cells on them. The information corals provide about the tropical oceans can be very useful in examining the El Nio Southern Oscillation. 7 and Fig. TSA: CoRTAD. In late December 2021, satellite data analyses by NOAA's Coral Reef Watch program detected a significant build-up of heat in the waters surrounding the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Many coastal and island communities depend on coral reef fisheries, but overfishing can deplete key reef species and damage coral habitat. Verons ecoregions shapefiles were used to determine the ecoregion of each site13. The GCBD provides vital information on . Corals are affected by ocean warming (sometimes bleaching when temperatures rise or fall), by pollution and runoff, and by changes in the pH of seawater, Scientists can study these rings and other characteristics to determine the climate conditions during the seasons in which the coral grew, scientists mark the varying layers by year and season and extract samples from the layers for precise chemical analysis, By using corals to determine the past climate in the tropical oceans, paleoclimatologistscan also predict future trends in the climate system, Reporting on the State of the Climate in 2021, Reporting on the State of the Climate in 2019, Archiving the Ocean Biodiversity Information System-USA (OBIS-USA). Corals are affected by ocean warming (sometimes bleaching when temperatures rise or fall), by pollution and runoff, and by changes in the pH of seawater, which decreases as more carbon dioxide enters the oceana trend known as ocean acidification. .infographic-container a:hover img, .infographic-container a:focus img { Otherwise, the site was considered sheltered or sometimes. Join us to make change. Climate change poses a fundamental threat to coral reefs. Sample_ID: sampled ID field from Sample_Event_tbl. Some scientists have suggested that corals may be able to adapt to warmer temperatures by changing the type of symbiotic zooxanthellae they host. Spalding, M. D. et al. Subject: Mathematics. NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data was provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. Through the lessons in this module, designed for grades 6-12, students are guided through the use of NOAA data (sea surface temperature and SST anomalies, coral bleaching hotspots, and degree heating weeks) to understand how scientists monitor coral bleaching events in order to determine what is happening to the health of coral reefs in the world's oceans. Temperature_Mean: CoRTAD. When combined, all of these impacts dramatically alter ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral reef ecosystems provide to people around the globe. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, between 2014 and 2017 around 75% of the worlds tropical coral reefs experienced heat-stress severe enough to trigger bleaching. Climate change can cause sea level rise; changes in the frequency, intensity, and distribution of tropical storms; and altered ocean circulation. Datasets that were included in the Global Coral Bleaching Database (GCBD): Safaie et al.21, Reef Check (http://data.reefcheck.us/), Donner et al.10, AGRRA (https://www.agrra.org), FRRP: http://frrp.org/data/, Kumagai et al.22, McClanahan et al.20, and all surveys combined. Journal_Name: name of publication journal. Front. Bleaching events have been happening with greater frequency and in greater numbers as the world's atmosphereand oceanshave warmed because of climate change. Data Source Information (Data_Source_LUT). The CoRTAD data were provided by GHRSST and the US (NCEI), which was supported in part by a grant from the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) Program for satellites. Do your part to help improve overall coral reef condition. A warming ocean: causes thermal stress that contributes to coral bleaching and infectious disease. Datasets that were included in the GCBD included: (1) Reef Check (http://data.reefcheck.us/)19, (2) Donner et al.10, (3) McClanahan et al.20, (4) AGRRA (https://www.agrra.org)17, (5) FRRP: http://frrp.org/data/18, (6)Safaieetal.21, and (7) Kumagai et al.22 (Fig. Climate change has been causing. 3. The coral reef temperature anomaly database (CoRTAD). 182, 324332 (1992). Reef_ID: name of reef site that was adopted by sampling group (from ReefCheck). https://doi.org/10.25921/ffw7-cs39 Accessed [12/4/2020]. The static location data (latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, distance to land, and exposure) are stored in the Table Site_Info_tbl. Coral reefs and other marine ecosystems need all the help they can get. Intensive global research efforts have therefore persistently focused on bleaching phenome Accumulated weeks of heat stress for the waters surrounding Australia, including the Great Barrier Reef, during the week of March 28-April 3, 2016. Data Nuggets developed by Michigan State University fellows in the NSF BEACON and GK-12 programs. There are no scientific records of mass coral bleaching and mortality before the early 1980s. The researchers say it's easier for businesses to point at climate change or even coral toxicity from trace residues of suntan lotion . warm- CaCO3 precipitates, stays in bodies, doesn't dissolve into water. The Great Barrier Reef is especially important to the Australian economy and generates more than five billion dollars every year. In 2016, bleaching killed more than half of the shallow-water corals on the northern region of the Great Barrier Reef. Large parts of the reef could be dead within 20 years as climate change drives mass coral bleaching . (Sea Surface Temperature Degree Heating Weeks) sum of previous 12 weeks when SSTA>=1 degree Celsius. TSA_Frequency_Standard_Deviation: CoRTAD. Severity_Code: coded range of bleaching severity from Donner et al.10. Sample_Method: Description of the sampling methods used to collect the data. Data Nuggets developed by Michigan State University fellows in the NSF BEACON and GK-12 programs 4 Below is a graph of the data: Identify any changes, trends, or differences you see in the graph or table. Lett. .video-icon, .infographic-icon { Climate-change microrefugia: nearshore reefs bleach less than outer reefs during a 2010 regional thermal stress event in Palau. Small, daily actions can help reduce coral reef loss, like reducing stormwater and fertilizer runoff or avoiding herbicides and pesticides. Bleaching events are caused by sustained, warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Fourteen summary queries have been created so researchers can easily extract the information they might need from the database and generate spreadsheets for data analysis. Substrate_Type: type of substrate from Reef Check data. Describe the two sets of coral Carly collected to study (how many coral and wherethey were collected.). Read each paragraph and then answer the questions pertaining to that. Depth: depth (m) of sampling site. There is some evidence that some types of coral can cope better with warmer temperatures than other types. Severe bleaching is common at 8 DHW and above 16. Photo R. van Woesik. Climate change leads to: A warming ocean: causes thermal stress that contributes to coral bleaching and infectious disease. However, there is little scientific evidence of corals being able to swap their symbiotic zooxanthellae for new, warmer varieties. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5314466 (2021). This can be caused by a number of environmental stresses, most commonly higher water temperatures, particularly when combined with still, warm ocean conditions. Tables with enumerated lists are used to ensure integrity in naming conventions such tables are denoted with LUT, where LUT stands for look-up-table. As the algae leaves, the coral fades until it looks like its been bleached. Robert van Woesik. Ocean warming and coral bleaching. There are few data on coral bleaching before the 1998 bleaching event and most data were collected in 2015 and 2016 (Fig. 1)3,5. 2. Now, the International Coral Reef Society's scientists have published what they call the "Pledge for Coral Reefs," a list of 12 actions everyone can take to help protect coral and coral reefs. Sci. They include databases, tools, standards, guidelines and policy recommendations. SSTA_FrequencyMax: CoRTAD. Volunteer for beach and waterway clean ups. Corals cannot survive the frequency of current bleaching events from global temperature rise. Clim. A warming planet means a warming ocean, and a change in water temperatureas little as 2 degrees Fahrenheitcan cause coral to drive out algae. Data_Source: source associated with publication. 2). The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD version 6), which is a collection of sea surface temperature variables, were extracted for each sampling event14. Coral may bleach for other reasons, like extremely low tides, pollution, or too much sunlight. 21. This is due to proteinsproduced by some corals, which tint the coral tissue andbecome the dominant pigment during bleaching, whenzooxanthellae are absent110, 111. See our infographic on coral bleaching. A warming planet means a warming ocean, and a change in water temperatureas little as 2 degrees Fahrenheitcan cause coral to drive out algae. Values above 8 (salmon to dark pink) indicate that significant bleaching and death is possible. For turbidity, we used a 4-km resolution data from NASAs (National Aeronautics and Space Administrations) Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Modis-Aqua satellite database. This guide provides educators with lesson plans, background information and tips and strategies for using the data tools in the module. Work with weighted averages and bar graphs while learning what Forensic entomology . In 2006, the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef suffered another intense bleaching event, with over 90 per cent of corals bleached. Temperature_Maximum: CoRTAD. The GCBD was curated by a Database Administrator (CK). SSTA_Maximum: CoRTAD. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the metadata files associated with this article. The animation Coral Bleaching zooms in on a coral reef to explore the tiny animals that build reefs, the photosynthetic algae inside their cells, and the damaging process of coral bleaching. Download this infographic | Infographic Text. Additionally, carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already begun to reduce calcification rates in reef-building and reef-associated organisms by altering seawater chemistry through decreases in pH. A guide to understanding how this module supports the NGSS and three dimensional learning for middle and high school students. Average depths (m) were used for the Donner et al.10 data that had ranges in depth. When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. and JavaScript. } Unpublished data. (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Frequency) number of times over the previous 52 weeks that SSTA>=1 degree Celsius. Sample_ID: sample ID field from Sample_Event_tbl. . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Bay. TSA_Maximum: CoRTAD. All R code that was used in the GCBD are embedded in the database. 3. "Reefs are in crisis," Grottoli said. No outside contributions are expected at this time. If ________________ then _________________ because______________________________, SAVE AS A PDF UPLOAD THIS DOCUMENT TO MANAGEBAC, Read each paragraph and then answer the questions pertaining to that paragraph. S. Sully, D. E. Burkepile, R. van Woesik, Ameris I. Contreras-Silva, Arjen Tilstra, Christian Wild, Kay L. Davis, Andrew P. Colefax, Isaac R. Santos, Hannah C. Barkley, Anne L. Cohen, Victoria H. Luu, David Obura, Mishal Gudka, Francisco Zivane, Sterling B. Tebbett, Sean R. Connolly & David R. Bellwood, M. Aaron MacNeil, Camille Mellin, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Scientific Data Sully, S., Burkepile, D. E., Donovan, M. K., Hodgson, G. & van Woesik, R. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. http:// www.R-project.org (2007). Become a WWF monthly member and help conserve our world's oceans as well as wildlife and wild places around the world. Ocean acidification slows the rate at which coral reefs generate calcium carbonate, thus slowing the growth of coral skeletons. FGBNMS Climate Change Impacts Report; 2016 Bleaching Event; 2017 Coral Bleaching Webinar To obtain We thank Gregor Hodgson and Jenny Mihaly and the thousands of volunteer scientists and citizen scientists who have collected Reef Check data since 1997. SSTA_Mean: CoRTAD. According to London's . Individual yearly raster files were summed to determine the number of cyclones per 9.2km cell for the 50-year period. Use less water. Image source: Geir Friestad /Flickr. } Perc_hardcoral: percent hard coral cover from McClanahan et al.20 data source. CAS Climate change affects coral reef ecosystems by increasing sea surface temperatures and leads to coral bleaching, disease, sea level rise and storm activity. The maximum TSA in degrees Celsius over the entire time period of 40 years. "Mechanisms of Reef Coral Resistance to Future Climate Change." Science 344, 6186 (2014): 895-898 . Schematic of the Global Coral Bleaching Database (GCBD) showing the relationships among the 20 tables. Image source: Oregon State University / Flickr. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa) says that the temperature increase in the oceans as a result of climate change is the main cause of bleaching. For 30% of the worlds reefs, that heat-stress was enough to kill coral. Search all resources. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site. Heat stress will generally result in the mass bleaching of large areas of coral. The bright pinks, greens and blues also seen in coral reefs are produced by fluorescent compounds made by the coral host that protect the zooxanthellae from getting too much sunlight, which can be a problem at the middle of the day on coral reefs in the tropics. Exposure was defined based on a sites potential exposure to predominate winds, swell, and fetch (i.e., extent of open ocean). We used three complementary ocean temperature databases (HadISST, Pathfinder, and OISST) to quantify change in thermal characteristics of Caribbean coral reefs over the last 150 years (1871-2020). Data Set. Imagine you are on a beautiful tropical island on the Great Barrier Reef. However, there are limits to the ability of these pigments to respond and protect the zooxanthellae. Internet Explorer). The corals then turn from green to white, called coral bleaching. If the site coordinates were not already in decimal degrees, they were converted to decimal degrees. Paper_Title: title of paper where R code was published. Article Featured scientist: Bill Munger from Harvard University . display: inline-block; But according to a new study, climate change may halt coral growth altogether. Bleaching happens when stressed corals expel their life-providing algae, turning coral reefs stark white as their skeletons show through. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. And by March 2022, a mass coral bleaching event was well underway. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles content: "\f201 "; July 6, 2022. SST in Kelvin. Increased (most commonly), or reduced water. Through the lessons in this module, designed for grades 6-12, students are guided through the use of NOAA data (sea surface temperature and SST anomalies, coral bleaching hotspots, and degree heating weeks) to understand how scientists monitor coral bleaching events in order to determine what is happening to the health of coral reefs in the Some cool water corals are happy with water temperatures of around 18C, while lots of tropical corals live in waters with temperatures between 23 and 29C. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Thousands of marine animals depend on coral reefs for survival, including some species of sea turtles, fish, crabs, shrimp, jellyfish, sea birds, starfish, and more. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. This process is calledocean acidification. Bleaching is associated with the devastation of coral reefs, which are home to approximately 25 percent of all marine species. 156, 516519 (1967). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Scientific Data (Sci Data) High-resolution modelling of thermal thresholds and environmental influences on coral bleaching for local and regional reef management. By using corals to determine the past climate in the tropical oceans, paleoclimatologistscan also predict future trends in the climate system. TSA_DHW_Standard_Deviation: CoRTAD. Country_Name: the country where sampling took place. TSA_DHW: CoRTAD. Investigating Coral Bleaching Using Real Data, Investigating Coral Bleaching Using Real Data, Investigating Coral Bleaching Using Real Data This sequence of activities using real-world data to explain the importance of coral reefs and the relationship of coral reef health to the surrounding environment. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. } clear- photosynthesis. Phys. TSA_FrequencyMean: CoRTAD. The mean SSTA DHW in degrees Celsius over the entire time period of 40years. City_Town_Name: the region, city, or town, where sampling took place. TSA_Mean: CoRTAD. We construct a generalized linear mixed model in a Bayesian framework to predict the probability of coral bleaching by including DHW and. The authors declare no competing interests. The bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef in 2016 and 2017, for instance, killed around 50% of its corals. 1997 -163 1998 -157 1999 -213 2000 -261 2001 -426 Climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Print less. The Independent Variable is Temperature. coral bleaching, whitening of coral that results from the loss of a coral's symbiotic algae ( zooxanthellae) or the degradation of the algae's photosynthetic pigment. Perc_macroalgae: percent macroalgae cover from McClanahan et al.20 data source. 2). Coral bleaching Bleaching occurs when the close symbiotic relationship between the zooxanthellae and their coral hosts breaks down. In his travels around the world to survey and map coral reefs, Sam Purkis, a professor at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, has witnessed firsthand the devastating impact of global warming. Many coral reefs have been around for millions of years, yet they are extremely sensitive to changes in climate conditions. Bleaching_Level: Reef Check data, coral population or coral colony. The 2020 Status of the World's Coral Reef Report showed 14% of the world's coral reefs have died since 2009, and coral bleaching caused by marine heatwaves have driven this loss. The coral bleaching response index was published today (April 13) as an Early View article by the journal Global Change Biology. These worksheets support the online lessons. Sometimes the banding patterns in these samples are evident by visual inspection alone, but often scientists use x-ray imaging software to get a look at the patterns. As corals grow, they form skeletons by making calcium carbonate from the ocean waters. El Nio, which is spawned in the Pacific Ocean, greatly affects weather from Asia and Australia to North and South America. Exposure: a site was considered exposed if it had >20km of fetch, if there were strong seasonal winds, or if the site faced the prevailing winds. bleaching a nd u nderstand h ow s cientists m easure b leaching a t r eefs a round t he w orld. coral reef found in water that is. A recent study published in Nature's Scientific Reports confirms this, identifying temperature trends in historical data records from 1985-2012. Such markers help paleoclimatologists determine extreme climate conditions that are harmful to the reef. The corals calcium carbonate skeleton is made from calcium, carbon and oxygen. A diver checks the bleached coral at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. (Thermal Stress Anomaly Degree Heating Weeks) sum of previous 12 weeks when TSA>=1 degree Celsius. The Global Coral Bleaching Database (GCBD) is available as a Microsoft Access database file and as a SQLite database file, the latter of which is directly accessible through R11. Published works and any R code related to extracting or manipulating data are also stored in the R_Scripts_tbl and the Relevant_Works_tbl connected to the sampling event. The zooxanthellae live within the coral in a mutually beneficial relationship, each helping the other survive. As the world's oceans become warmer, and more acidic, this scenario will occur more frequently, on the Great Barrier Reef and coral reefs the world over. Resources. Google Scholar. Coral Reefs. Coral reef . Click to View 4). Its thought that as many as one million species of fish and other marine organisms live in and around coral reefs. } Observations show ocean temperatures are rising due to climate change, resulting in a fivefold increase in the incidence of regional-scale coral bleaching events since the 1980s; analyses based on global climate models forecast bleaching will become an annual event for most of the world's coral reefs within 30-50 yr. Internal waves at tidal . McClanahan, T. R. et al. But instead of the famous brightly coloured coral, you see a drab underwater landscape dominated by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and seaweed, but no corals.
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